The association between gender scale measures and gender clustering in recall

Sex Roles - Following the study of gender clustering in recall by S. L. Bem [(1981), “Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex-Typing,” Psychological Review,Vol. 88, pp....     

Book Review Section

Books reviewed in this article:
B arnes , L ouis B. Organizational Systems and Engineering Groups: A Comparative Study of Two Technical Groups in Industry.
P fiffner , J ohn M., and S herwood , F rank P. Administrative Organization.
B aritz , L oren . The Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry.
P urcell , T heodore V. Blue Collar Man: Patterns of Dual Allegiance in Industry.
G ellerman , S aul W. People, Problems and Profits: The Uses of Psychology in Management.
S trauss , G eorge , and S ayles , L eonard R. Personnel: The Human Problems of Management.
W ermel , M ichael , and B eideman , G eraldine M. Industry's Interest in the Older Worker and the Retired Employee: Proceedings of a Conference.
K lopfer , W alter G. The Psychological Report: Use and Communication of Psychological Findings.
F arnsworth , P. R., M c N emar , O., and M c N emar , Q. (Eds.) Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 12, 1961.     

New axioms for the contrast model of similarity

An additive version of Tversky's (1977, Psychological Review84, No. 4, 327–352) contrast model of similarity is discussed, and an axiomatization proposed for it. A representation theorem for the new system is derived on the basis of results drawn from Krantz et al. (1971, Foundations of Measurement, Vol. 1, New York: Academic Press).     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
T horndike , R. L. Personnel Selection: Test and Measurement Techniques.
K aufmann , F ritz . Your Job.
B ray , C. W. Psychology and Military Proficiency.
C apwell , D. F. Psychological Tests for Retail Store Personnel.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Review in This Article:
JACKSON, SUSAN E. and Associates. Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resources Initiatives.
CRANNY, C.J., SMITH, PATRICIA CAIN, and STONE, EUGENE F. Job Satisfaction: How People Feel About Their Jobs and How It Affects Their Performance.
CONGER, JAY A. Learning to Lead: The Art of Transforming Managers into Leaders.
WEITZUL, JAMES B. Evaluating Interpersonal Skills in the Job Interview: A Guide for Human Resource Professionals.
GEISINGER, KURT (Ed.). Psychological Testing of Hispanics.
SULLIVAN, JEREMIAH J. Invasion of the Salarymen: The Japanese Business Presence in America.
TRACEY, WILLIAM R. Designing Training and Development Systems (3rd ed.).
SACKMANN, SONJA A. Cultural Knowledge in Organizations: Exploring the Collective Mind.
VAN VELSOR, ELLEN and LESLIE, JEAN BRITTAIN. Feedback to Managers. Vol. I: A Guide for Evaluating Multi-Rater Feedback Instruments.
BRYMAN, ALAN. Charisma and Leadership in Organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992. Pp.x + 198. $49.95 cloth, $17.95 paper
WARME, BARBARA D., LUNDY, KATHERINA L. P., and LUNDY, LARRY A. (Eds.). Working Part-Time: Risks and Opportunities.
ROBERSON, CLIFF. Hire Right/Fire Right: A Manager's Guide to Employment Practices that Avoid Lawsuits.
ASHERMAN, IRA G. and ASHERMAN, SANDRA VANCE (Eds.). The Sales Management Sourcebook.
PESTONJEE, D. M. Stress and Coping: The Indian Experience.
PORTER, LYMAN W. and ROSENZWEIG, MARK R. (Eds.). Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 44,1993.     

Examining the factor structure of the Psychological Mindedness Scale in the Japanese population through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses

Psychological mindedness (PM) is a psychological construct that represents the tendency and ability to understand the relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behavior. This study examined the statistical properties, particularly the factor structure, of the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS) in a non‐clinical Japanese sample through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The relationship between PMS and depression was also examined for predictive validity. The results suggested that the PMS tested on a Japanese sample contains the following four factors: (a) belief in the benefits of discussing one's problems; (b) access to feelings; (c) openness to new ideas and capacity to change; and (d) interest in the meaning and motivation of own and others' behavior. Whereas the total PM score and Factors 2 and 3 had negative correlations with depression, there was a positive correlation between Factor 4 and depression. The 4‐factor structure of the scale is deemed to be applicable to the Japanese population.     

Sleeping beauties in psychology: comparisons of "hits" and "missed signals" in psychological journals

Scientific publications tend to be forgotten quickly. A few works, however, are still cited 100 years and more after their publication. The author used bibliometric methods to compare "hits" (works noticed by the scientific community soon after their publication) with "missed signals" (works that went unnoticed until much later) by investigating 2 psychological journals founded in the 1890s: Zeitschrift für Psychologie and Psychological Review. All articles that were published in either of these journals up to 1920 and cited more than 25 times in the Web of Science up to the year 2000 were considered for inclusion in the analysis. It emerged that hits corresponded more closely to the focus of scientific attention at the time of the publications than missed signals.     

Reviews

Book Review in this Articles:
CHURCH MEMBERSHIP AND INTERCOMMUNION. 10th Downaide Symposium, edited by John Kent
ST THOMAS AQUINAS: SUMMA THEOLOGIAE. Vol. xxxvii: Effects of Sin, Stain and Guil
AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION. A definition, by E. Boiaji Idowu
URHAM PRIORY 14000-1450, by R. B. Dobson
YOUTHQUAKE: The growth of a counter-culture through through two decades, by kenneth Leech
HE DESERT IS FERTILE, by Helder Camera
THE EMPTY MIRROR, by janwilem van de Wetering
THE WAY OF ALL THE EARTH, by John S. Dunne
THE OCCULT REVOLUTION. A Christian Medltation by Richard Woods
THE DEVIL, by Richard Woods
CULTURAL STUDIES 4. Centre for Contemporary Cultlural Studies     

The frequency of excess success for articles in Psychological Science

Recent controversies have questioned the quality of scientific practice in the field of psychology, but these concerns are often based on anecdotes and seemingly isolated cases. To gain a broader perspective, this article applies an objective test for excess success to a large set of articles published in the journal Psychological Science between 2009 and 2012. When empirical studies succeed at a rate much higher than is appropriate for the estimated effects and sample sizes, readers should suspect that unsuccessful findings have been suppressed, the experiments or analyses were improper, or the theory does not properly account for the data. In total, problems appeared for 82 % (36 out of 44) of the articles in Psychological Science that had four or more experiments and could be analyzed.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
M organ , J ohn S. Business Faces the Urban Crisis.
G urin , G erald . Inner-City Negro Youth in a Job Training Project: A Study of Factors Related to Attrition and Job Success.
C rosby , A ndrew . Creativity and Performance in Industrial Organization.
S iegel , L aurence . Industrial Psychology.
L evy , R onald B. Human Relations —A Conceptual Approach.
M iner , J ohn B. Personnel Psychology.
Managing Organizational Effectiveness.
E dwards , A llen L. Statistical Analysis.
K olasa , B lair J. Introduction to Behavioral Science for Business.
W ortman , M ax S., J r . Critical Issues in Labor: Text and Readings.
M ussen , P aul H., and R osenzweig , M akk R. (Eds.) Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 21, 1970.
S choonmaker , A lan N. Anxiety and the Executive.
K azmier , L eonard J. Principles of Management: A Program for Self-instruction.     

A comparative view of the new journal: Assessment

The reference sections from all articles in the 1997 volumes of Assessment, Journal of Personality Assessment, and Psychological Assessment were entered into a database and analyzed. An article published in Assessment averaged almost 31 references. An article published in Journal of Personality Assessment contained an average of 33 references. Psychological Assessment averaged 38 references per article. The median age of the references in the three journals was 8 years with an interquartile range of 4 to 14 years. The Journal of Personality Assessment had the largest number of citations in this database of 5,316 references. Each of these received a relatively large number of their citations from articles published in the same journal (self-citations). Randomly selected articles from the 1997 volume of Assessment received fewer citations in the Social Science Citation Index than a similar set of articles from the other two journals. However, the data on Assessment, when compared with data available on other new scientific publications, suggests that Assessment is doing as well as other fledgling journals.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
K arn , H arry W., and G ilmer , B everly V. Readings in Industrial and Business Psychology.
P arker , W illard E., and K leemeier , R obert W. Human Relations In Supervision.
C ooper , A lfred M. How to Supervise People.
W esterland , G unnar . Group Leadership: a Field Experiment.
E lls , R alph W. The Basic Abilities System of Job Evaluation.
M arx , M elvin H. (Ed.) Psychological Theory: Contemporary Readings.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
E ngel , J ames F., K ollat , D avid T., and B lackwell , R oger D. Consumer Behavior.
L itwin , G eorge H., and S tringer , R obert A. J r . Motivation and Organizational Climate.
K irkpatrick , J ames J., E wen , R obert B., B arrett , R ichard S., and K atzell , R aymond A. Testing and Fair Employment: Fairness and Validity of Personnel Tests for Diferent Ethnic Groups.
G eist , H arold . The Psychological Aspects of Retirement.
H olden , P aul E., P ederson , C arlton A., and G ermane , G ayton E. Top Management.
C alvert , R obert , J r . Employing the Minority Group College Graduate (Recruiting, Evaluating Qualifications, Retaining Employees).
E dwards , A llen L. Experimental Design in Psychological Research
G laser , B arney G. (Editor) Organizational Careers: A Source-book for Theory.
Management Education and Development.
B ittel , L ester R. What Every Supervisor Should Know.
M c M urry , R obert N., and A rnold , J ames S. How to Build a Dynamic Sales Organization.
Z ytowski , D onald G. (Editor) Vocational Behavior: Readings in Theory and Research.
H erman , S tanley M. The Peopte Specialists.
Evaluation of Executive Performance.
M c F arland , D alton E. Personnel Management: Theory and Practice.
M ussen , P aul H., and R osenzweig , M ark R. (Eds.) Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 60, 1969.     

Mutual information, perceptual independence, and holistic face perception

The concept of perceptual independence is ubiquitous in psychology. It addresses the question of whether two (or more) dimensions are perceived independently. Several authors have proposed perceptual independence (or its lack thereof) as a viable measure of holistic face perception (Loftus, Oberg, & Dillon, Psychological Review 111:835–863, 2004; Wenger & Ingvalson, Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28:872–892, 2002). According to this notion, the processing of facial features occurs in an interactive manner. Here, I examine this idea from the perspective of two theories of perceptual independence: the multivariate uncertainty analysis (MUA; Garner & Morton, Definitions, models, and experimental paradigms. Psychological Bulletin 72:233–259, 1969), and the general recognition theory (GRT; Ashby & Townsend, Psychological Review 93:154–179, 1986). The goals of the study were to (1) introduce the MUA, (2) examine various possible relations between MUA and GRT using numerical simulations, and (3) apply the MUA to two consensual markers of holistic face perception^—recognition of facial features (Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, Psychological Review 105:482–498, 1998) and the composite face effect (Young, Hellawell, & Hay, Perception 16:747–759, 1987). The results suggest that facial holism is generated by violations of several types of perceptual independence. They highlight the important theoretical role played by converging operations in the study of holistic face perception.     

为我国心理科学的发展、繁荣和走向世界而奋斗

该文系作者在中国心理学会第稚届全国心理学学术大会上作的工作报告,总结了中国心理学会第六届理事会１９９３－１９９７年的工作,内容包括四个部分：１．积极开展心理学各分支学科的学术活动,促进我国心理科学巽;２．加强心理科学宣传,办好学术和科刊物,出版《中国心理科学》;３．加强与国际交往,我国心理科学开始走向世界;４．坚持民主办会原则,健全学会的组织机构,提高工作效率。     

Abstracts edited by Neil Frude

S elvini -P alazzoli , M. and V iaro , M. (1988) The anorectic process in the family: a six-stage model as a guide for individual therapy. Family Process , 27 (2): 129–148.
Z acks , E., G reen , R.-J. and M arrow , J. (1988) Comparing lesbian and heterosexual couples on the circumplex model: an initial investigation. Family Process , 27 (4): 471–484.
K urdek , L. A. (1989) Relationship quality in gay and lesbian cohabiting couples: a one-year follow-up study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 6 : 39–59.
L ewis , J. M. (1988) The transition to parenthood. I: The rating of marital competence. Family Process , 27 (2): 129–148.
R adochonski , M. (1988) Family therapy following loss of sight in an adult member. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 19 (2): 167–171.
S kovholt , T. M. and M c C arthy , P. R. (1988) (Eds) Special Issue: Critical incidents in counselor development. Journal of Counseling and Development , (no. 2), 69–134.     

A Comparison of Two Lateral Inhibitory Models of Metacontrast

Metacontrast, an apparent reduction in brightness of a target that is followed by a non-overlapping mask, has been modeled with simulated neural nets incorporating either recurrent lateral inhibition or forward and backward inhibition with lateral components. A one-layer lateral inhibitory model (B. Bridgeman, 1971, Psychological Review 78, 528-539) and a six-layer model (G. Francis, 1997, Psychological Review 104, 572-594) both simulate the basic metacontrast effect, showing that stimulus-dependent activity that reverberates for some time in the model after stimulus offset is essential to simulate metacontrast. The six-layer model does not simulate monotonic masking with low response criterion, an essential property of metacontrast; the lateral inhibitory model uses duration of reverberation to simulate the criterion. Each model simulates several variations of masking, such as changing the relative energy of target and mask, but neither can handle effects of practice or attention that apparently engage higher processing levels. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

The perception of a familiar face is no more than the sum of its parts

Why do faces become easier to recognize with repeated exposure? Previous research has suggested that familiarity may induce a qualitative shift in visual processing from an independent analysis of individual facial features to analysis that includes information about the relationships among features (Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka Psychological Review, 105, 482–498, 1998; Maurer, Grand, & Mondloch Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 255–260, 2002). We tested this idea by using a “summation-at-threshold” technique (Gold, Mundy, & Tjan Psychological Science, 23, 427–434, 2012; Nandy & Tjan Journal of Vision, 8, 3.1–20, 2008), in which an observer’s ability to recognize each individual facial feature shown independently is used to predict their ability to recognize all of the features shown in combination. We find that, although people are better overall at recognizing familiar as opposed to unfamiliar faces, their ability to integrate information across features is similar for unfamiliar and highly familiar faces and is well predicted by their ability to recognize each of the facial features shown in isolation. These results are consistent with the idea that familiarity has a quantitative effect on the efficiency with which information is extracted from individual features, rather than a qualitative effect on the process by which features are combined.     

Visual marking across eye blinks

Visual search for a conjunction target can be made efficient by presenting one initial set of distractors as a preview, prior to the onset of the other items in the search display Watson & Humphreys (Psychological Review 104:90–122, 1997). However, this “preview advantage” is lost if the initial items are offset for a brief period before onsetting again with the search display Kunar, Humphreys, & Smith (Psychological Science 14:181–185, 2003). Researchers have long disputed whether the preview advantage reflects a process of internally coding and suppressing the old items or of the onset of the new items capturing attention Donk & Theeuwes (Perception & Psychophysics 63:891–900, 2001). In this study, we assessed whether an internally driven blink (in which participants close their eyes) acts in the same manner as an external blink produced by offsetting and then onsetting the preview. In the novel blink conditions, participants searched feature, conjunction, and preview displays after being cued to blink their eyes. The search displays were presented during the eye blink, and so were immediately available once participants opened their eyes. Having participants make an eye blink generally slowed search but had no effect on the search slopes. In contrast, imposing an externally driven blink disrupted preview search. The data indicated that visual attention can compensate for internally driven blinks, and this does not lead to the loss of the representations of distractors across time. Moreover, efficient preview search occurred when the search items had no abrupt onsets, demonstrating that onsets of new search items are not critical for the preview benefit.     

The cultural background of the non‐academic concept of psychology in Japan: Its implications for introductory education in psychology

No research has empirically explored the non‐academic concept of psychology itself (implicit theories) in non‐Western cultures despite a widely held belief that this understanding differs cross‐culturally. This study examined whether the non‐academic concept of psychology among inexperienced Japanese students differed from the concept held by students of other countries. In Japanese, psychology is referred to as , which includes the ideographic character , literally meaning heart. This fact led us to hypothesize that psychology will be disproportionately associated with emotion among Japanese students. Indeed, our findings among Japanese students produced a J‐curve, indicating that our prediction was true. We posit that this issue has never been discussed in Japan because a majority of people share this concept of psychology. In our second study, we examined not only preference in students' association of intelligence or emotion but also heart or mind with psychology. Finally, we identified whether students' believe that psychology encompasses both the heart and the mind. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of explicitly defining the non‐academic concept of psychology in early psychology education in Japan.