智德新论

明智或智慧之智德是西方四枢德之一,是中国“三达德”与“五常”之一。重视智德的心理形式分析是西方智德观的特点,而重视智德的社会内容的分析是中国智德观的特点。智德除了智力与道德相统一这一根本特点外,还具有实践性和利害性、工具性和基础性、普遍性与特殊性相统一、现实性与未来性相统一的特点。     

亚里士多德的"德性"与孔子的"德"之比较

从上个世纪20年代至今,中国学者将亚里士多德的一个重要的伦理概念arete译为"德性"、"德"、"德行"、"美德"、"品德"、"优秀"等等.亚氏的arete指人时意思是人的理性的特长、功能.它分为两类:"理智的德性"和"伦理的德性";后者与理性密切相关,显示了亚氏伦理学的理性主义特征.孔子的"德"与亚氏的arete较为相似.孔子的"德"包括才在内,指人的道德.这或许可以叫做道德理性.孔子的"德"包涵内在的与外在的两个方面.在内为个人修养,外化为德行,二者密不可分.具体言之,即修己与安人.比较这两个概念,有助于理解这两位东西方大师的伦理学说.     

伦理生活与形上超越——亚里士多德arete概念的多重涵义及其内在张力

在当代哲学的"伦理转向"中,德行伦理学的复兴是一个重要事件,从中也生发出新的理论形态和中西伦理思想的比较研究。在这一背景下,澄清德行伦理学核心概念arete(德、德行)的思想内涵,具有重要的理论价值。亚里士多德最早构建德行伦理学的思想体系,arete得到全面系统的阐发,他一方面区分出不同的层次,有"伦理之德"和"理智之德","自然之德"和"完全之德"以及"完满之德",另一方面将arete的多种面向关联起来,使之互相贯通,形成一个整体,这个整体蕴含着逻各斯与习惯、沉思与实践的张力,并致力于实现形而下的伦理生活与形而上的智慧超越之间的协调统一。亚氏关于arete的探讨对于当代伦理思想仍不失其现实的启发意义。     

十六字令

智、义、勇、节四枢德,乃行为之总纲,各赋诗一首 一、智德智,智者明察歹与良。救灵魂,避恶把善扬。 二、义德义,义者正直立善心。宣福音,荣主又益失。 三、勇德勇,勇者刚毅不畏难。宏圣教,凌辱亦心安。 四、节德节,节者清高制欲情。爱贞洁,不恋世俗风。十六字令@何发明~~     

从"德性"到"德行":试析《淮南子》中作为治国之本的"德"

《淮南子》因应时势,从先秦各家、尤其是从儒家学说中广泛汲取“德”的资源,十分重视君主之德。该书在论述对君主之德加以理解、培养与施行的过程中,表现出了从重“德性”进至重“德行”的深化。     

对孔孟"死"伦理的考察

孔孟有自己的生死观.他们将人的生死与"命"、(生死)祸福与"德"联系起来确立了"乐天知命"、"修身以俟之"的生死态度.以"德"取福的延伸就是生死以"义"的生死价值观.这种生死价值观最终决定于生死的目的.孔孟认为,人的目的在于"仁",修德行义都来源于对"仁"的追求.     

儒家、康德与德行伦理学

<正>近年来英语世界出现了一股藉西方的"德行伦理学"(Virtue Ethics)①诠释儒家伦理学之风潮,例如万百安的《早期中国哲学中的德行伦理学与结果论》(见Van Norden)、余纪元的《孔子与亚里士多德的伦理学》(见Yu;另见余纪元,2009年),以及沈美华的《藉亚里士多德与孔子来重探道德》(见Sim)。最近,"德行伦理学"的提倡者之一斯洛特(M.Slote)也涉入了此项主题。2008年10月他在台湾政治大学"人文价值讲座"针对"德行伦理学"所发表的系列演讲,便属于这类尝试。不过,他所主张的并非亚里士多德式的"德行伦理学",而是所谓的"情感主义的德行伦理学"(sentimentalist virtue ethics),其主要代表是休谟。     

儒家“德行伦理”与中国伦理形态的现代建构

从儒家经典的分析中可以发现,儒家伦理形态是一种不同于西方美德伦理(Virtue Ethics)和规则伦理(Normative Ethics)的"德行伦理"。它涵蕴着内外两个向度:就内在向度而言,是"在心为德",强调行为者的道德心理是"德"之实现的内在根据,并赋予人之为人的目的性价值,这在后儒对孟子的承续与发展中呈现出丰富的图景;就外在向度而言,是"施之为行",即同时强调行为规则在"德"之实现中的价值。基于此内外统一的理论进路,儒家德行伦理虽然兼及了"Virtue Ethics"或"Normative Ethics"的意涵,却不宜直接将其纳入二者的分析框架,而应作为一种独立的伦理形态而存在。也正是在这个意义上,"儒家德行伦理"作为一种"会通型"伦理形态的地方性资源,应积极参与创建新时代条件下的全球伦理,而这也正是当代中国伦理形态现代建构的方向所指。"现代性转化"与"开放性吸收"始终是这个过程不可省略的方法和立场。     

社会伦理化向度之探——由"德性"而"德行"的新视角

为了弥补当代道德沦丧和意义的缺失,有必要重新寻找社会伦理化可能性路径.社会伦理的内生点从何延出?是先天的"德性"还是后天的"德行"?是个体自觉还是共同体的觉醒?社会制度化、程序化的规范伦理如何能与道德主体相一致?社会伦理能否公共化、普世化?在社会伦理的建构中,无论是东方还是西方的学者,都不同程度地忽视了由德性而德行的中间环节--常德的培养.     

儒家"让"德批判——兼及"让"德与和谐社会建设

"让"是儒家礼治的核心价值,是礼治所以可能的价值根基,其源于"六君子"之躬行"让"德.在儒家学说之价值体系中,"让"德涵摄辞让、禅让、谦让、卑让等多重维度,分别凸显出与"争、夺、骄、私"相对立的价值内涵.但"让"并非一无限度的绝对性道德准则,正确践履"让"德必从于"仁"、授于贤、合于"礼"、利于人(国、事).批判地继承和发扬传统"让"德是和谐社会建设的必然要求.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.