Muscimol Induces Retrograde Amnesia for Changes in Reward Magnitude

These experiments examined the effect of the GABA_A, agonist, muscimol (MUS), on memory for changes in reward magnitude. In Experiment 1 rats were trained to run a straight alley for either a large or small food reward. After reaching asymptotic performance rats in the high reward group were shifted to the small food reward. Half the animals received 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg (ip) of MUS or the equivalent volume of saline immediately after training. Shifted training continued for 3 more days and no further injections were given. Shifted saline animals displayed an increase in response latencies compared to unshifted controls with a sharp peak on the day after the shift. Shifted MUS receiving 1.0 mg/kg performed comparably to shifted saline animals. In contrast, shifted MUS animals receiving 3.0 mg/kg displayed performance comparable to shifted saline animals on the day of the shift but displayed a sharp increase in response latencies on the second day after the shift. These findings indicate that post-training systemic MUS injections delay the peak increase in response latencies and suggest that MUS induces retrograde amnesia for reward reduction. Experiment 2 examined the effect of MUS on the memory of a reward increase. Rats were first trained as in Experiment 1 and rats under the high reward condition were then shifted to the small reward. On the next training session, the large food reward was reinstated. Immediately after the session all animals were injected with saline or 3.0 mg/kg of MUS. The large food reward was continued for the remainder of training and no further injections were given. On the following session, the performance of the shifted saline animals was comparable to that of the unshifted controls while shifted MUS animals displayed significantly higher response latencies. The findings that MUS prevented the reduction in response latencies seen in saline-injected animals suggest that MUS also induces retrograde amnesia for reward increases.     

试论弗洛姆的规范人本主义伦理学

本文论述了弗洛姆规范人本主义伦理学的主要内容与价值旨趣 ,揭示了他的社会批判哲学和规范人本主义伦理学之间的内在联系 ,认为他的规范人本主义伦理学的主要目的在于从社会心理学的层面重建理性主义的人道主义伦理价值规范 ;从个体心理学的层面要求人们应当听从自身内在良心的呼唤而不是屈从于外在的权威的利益 ,实现自身的真实利益。本文最后分析了其理论的基本特点与理论得失。     

Marked Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia of a Visual Discrimination Task in Rats with Selective Lesions of the Perirhinal Cortex

Damage to the temporal cortex (TC), the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), or their interconnections has disruptive effects on visual memory. The fiber connections between TC and LEC are relayed in the perirhinal cortex (PC) or in the adjacent white matter of PC. PC seems to make up a particularly important structure for mnemonic processing. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether selective PC lesions might affect retroactive or proactive memory, since TC/LEC transections can cause both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The results show that both PC and TC/LEC lesions impair retroactive memory to similar degrees (Experiment 1). However, PC lesions yielded a slightly stronger impairment of both acquisition and retention in the proactive paradigm than TC/LEC lesions (Experiment 2). These findings give support to the notion that PC plays an important role in formation of memory.     

An Attempt to Predict Change in Mood in Response to Velten-Like Mood Induction Procedures

College student subjects were rated high or low in cognitive and behavioral depression proneness, based on their scores on a screening battery that included the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Weissman, 1979), the Intemality-Extemality Scale (Rotter, 1966), the Pleasant Events Schedule and the Unpleasant Events Schedule (Lewinsohn & Amenson, 1978). The students were subsequently exposed to one of two different Velten-like depressive mood inductions, one based on Beck's (1974) model of depression, and the other based on Lewinsohn's (1974) model. We hypothesized that subjects who scored higher on the cognitive measures would tend to become more depressed when exposed to the Beck statements and that those who scored higher on the behavioral measures would tend to become more depressed when exposed to the Lewinsohn statements. The hypothesis was not supported. Instead, pre-existing cognitively or behaviorally defined depression proneness appeared to be unrelated to subjects' susceptibility to one or the other model of depression as defined by the two mood inductions. However, the inductions themselves were found to produce a significant lowering of mood, and both inductions were equally effective in lowering mood.     

重写中国哲学通史的学术尝试

武汉大学中国哲学研究团队历经十余年写成10卷本《中国哲学通史》(学术版),又经过数年的编校,现在终于正式出版.这是我国目前相对最全面、系统、完备的中国哲学通史.全书共10卷,其中8卷为断代哲学史,涵盖从先秦至现代的内容,又特别设置了少数民族哲学史、古代科学哲学史各一卷.作者团队以高度的文化自觉与文化自信,以深厚...     

Problematic Obesity Thoughts: An Attempt to Identify Unsuccessful Dieters Prior to Treatment

Abstract

This paper describes a 21-item cognitive self-statement inventory (Problematic Obesity Thoughts, POT). Before entering a behavioral weight reduction program, the POT was completed by 34 subjects. For the 25 subjects available at the 1 year followup, attempts were made to classify the subjects as successful or unsuccessful dieters (based on the weight loss expressed as percent decrease in pretreatment BMI) using the scores on the POT inventory and four POT subscales. The inventory had a high internal consistency (α = .91). A logistic regression analysis of the total POT score identified 77% of the unsuccessful dieters, but two of the subscales, reflecting self-blame and overeating due to negative mood, respectively, were able to correctly identify 85% of the unsuccessful dieters. Conceivably, after further refinement and cross-validation, the POT might be a valuable part of a multifactorial screening and counceling tool for obesity treatment.     

Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans

ABSTRACT— With the recognition, afforded by recent evolutionary science, that female infidelity was a recurrent feature of modern humans' evolutionary history has come the development of a unique area in the study of human mating: sperm competition. A form of male–male postcopulatory competition, sperm competition occurs when the sperm of two or more males concurrently occupy the reproductive tract of a female and compete to fertilize her ova. Males must compete for mates, but if two or more males have copulated with a female within a sufficiently short period of time, sperm will compete for fertilizations. Psychological, behavioral, physiological, and anatomical evidence indicates that men have evolved solutions to combat the adaptive problem of sperm competition, but research has only just begun to uncover these adaptations.     

Retrograde amnesia for visual memories after hippocampal damage in rats

It is generally believed that the hippocampus is not required for simple discrimination learning. However, a small number of studies have shown that hippocampus damage impairs retention of a previously learned visual discrimination task. We propose that, although simple discrimination learning may proceed in the absence of the hippocampus, it plays an important role in this type of learning when it is intact. In order to test the role of the hippocampus in simple discrimination learning, we performed a series of experiments utilizing a two-choice picture discrimination task. Our experiments confirm that rats readily learn simple two-choice picture discriminations after hippocampus damage. However, if such discriminations are first learned while the hippocampus is intact, subsequent hippocampus damage causes severe retrograde amnesia for the discriminations. Furthermore, retrograde amnesia for simple picture discriminations was equally severe when the interval between training and damage was 1 d or 60 d; remote picture memories are not spared. Similarly, the rule or schema underlying a recently or remotely acquired picture discrimination learning set was lost after hippocampus damage. The severity of retrograde amnesia for simple picture discriminations is negatively correlated with the volume of spared hippocampus tissue. Thus, the hippocampus plays an essential role in long-term memories supporting simple picture discriminations.     

试析普特南和乔姆斯基的语义思想的出发点

语义是语言研究的重要方面,也是哲学关注的一个焦点。哲学思想的诠释与语义分析的相关,导致了语义之源的持续争论。而从哲学的视角或者从语言学的视角去理解语义,分歧更是不可避免。普特南(HilaryPutnam)和乔姆斯基(NoamChomsky)在各自的领域颇有建树,对语义问题各有独到领悟。下面就两位大师关于语义思想的出发点做一分析。1 语言天赋乔姆斯基认为,人类具有天赋的语言能力,称为“focultyoflanguage”,简称FL。FL是人类独具的本性,并深入到人类生活、思想和交流的每一个方面,在乔姆斯基看来,“语言天赋有理由被视为‘语言器官’,就像科…     

Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion

Lakatos's (1978) philosophy of science is used as a guide for resolving published authors' differences of opinion about interpersonal forgiveness. We first review the ancient writings and current philosophical works regarding interpersonal forgiveness. With these ideas as a foundation we then critique six published papers on forgiveness, all of which have counseling implications. It is suggested that the works are not yet grounded in the foundational writings on forgiveness. The works, thus, may need some refinement in the area of definition, or proposed consequences for a forgiver, or in the processes used to bring about forgiveness in clients. A process model of interpersonal forgiveness then is described. Implications for the use of interpersonal forgiveness within counseling are drawn.     

Extreme Nonresponse to Acute Phase Cognitive Therapy for Depression: An Attempt to Replicate and Extend

As with other interventions for major depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive therapy (CT) results in treatment failure for about half of all participants. In 2007, Coffman and colleagues in Seattle studied this topic by identifying a group of patients who demonstrated an extremely poor response to CT (i.e., posttreatment BDI score ≥ 31). They called these patients “extreme nonresponders” (ENR) and described the pretreatment characteristics that predicted response status.     

Exhibitionistic Human Movement Responses of Strippers: An Attempt to Validate the Rorschach M

A group of women employed as strippers produced significantly more exhibitionistic M on the Rorschach than three other matched control groups. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that the human movement response is related to actual behavioral tendencies.     

From Therapy and Enhancement to Assistive Technologies: An Attempt to Clarify the Role of the Sports Physician

Sports physicians are continuously confronted with new biotechnological innovations. This applies not only to doping in sports, but to all kinds of so-called enhancement methods. One fundamental problem regarding the sports physician's self-image consists in a blurred distinction between therapeutic treatment and non-therapeutic performance enhancement. After a brief inventory of the sports physician's work environment I reject as insufficient the attempts to resolve the conflict of the sports physician by making it a classificatory problem. Followed by a critical assessment of some ideas from the US President's Council on Bioethics, the formulation of ethical codes and attempts regarding a moral topography, it is argued that the sports physician's conflict cannot be resolved by the distinction between therapy and enhancement. Instead, we also have to consider the possibility that the therapy-based paradigm of medicine cannot do justice to the challenges of the continuously increasing technical manipulability of the human body and even our cognitive functions as well. At the same time we should not adhere to transhumanist ideas, because non-therapeutic interventions require clear criteria. Based on assistive technologies an alternative framework can be sketched that allows for the integration of therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. After a thorough definition of standards and criteria, the role of the sports physician might be defined as that of an assistant for enhancement. Yet the process of defining such an alternative framework is a societal and political task that cannot be accomplished by the sports physicians themselves. Until these questions are answered sports physicians continue to find themselves in a structural dilemma that they partially can come to terms with through personal integrity.     

Amnesia produced by anisomycin in an appetitive task is not due to conditioned aversion

Two experiments investigated the effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) and anisomycin (ANI) in a water reward Y-maze task. In Experiment 1, male CD-1 mice given weak or strong training were injected post-training with either saline or LiCl (150 mg/kg), which has been reported to produce conditioned aversion in mice. One day after training, both LiCl groups avoided the rewarded arm of the maze and drank less water than saline-injected controls. Two days after training, the strongly trained LiCl mice showed avoidance, while both LiCl groups drank less water. In Experiment 2, weakly trained mice given pre- and post-training ANI (30 mg/kg) were amnesic on the second test day compared to mice that received post-trial saline. However, water consumption was increased on the test day for both groups. LiCl produced a different pattern of results than ANI in this task. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that amnesia produced by ANI is due to impaired memory formation and not to conditioned aversion.     

Phase-Dependent Compensatory Responses to Perturbation Applied During Walking in Humans

The interaction between the peripheral and the central regulation of locomotion was studied by examining the dependency of the response to unexpected perturbation on the phase of the step cycle. The changes in the latency and magnitude of various muscle responses to electrical stimulation of the toe applied unexpectedly at different phases of the locomotor cycle in humans are described. The results show that response to perturbation is gated and modulated in both ipsi-and contralateral limb muscles. These muscle responses, when present, were always excitatory in nature. They were not correlated with the normal locomotor activity, thus suggesting a more complex organization of the response. Except for one muscle in the contralateral limb, the latency of the other muscle responses did not vary across the step cycle. In response to the perturbation, the appropriate phase of the step cycle was shortened. The results from this study suggest that the perturbation applied elicits a phase-independent, normal ipsilateral flexor response in the tibialis anterior muscle, while the gating and modulation of other ipsi-and contralateral muscles provide appropriate phase-dependent adaptive response to maintain postural stability and continue with the ongoing task of locomotion.     

20世纪初天主教绘画中国化的尝试以辅仁大学为例

20世纪二三十年代,中国天主教开始绘画中国化运动.其中,以陈缘督为代表的辅仁大学美术系的画家团体堪称这次运动的“主力军”:他们尝试运用中国化的表现形式,创作了一批具有代表性的中国化的天主教绘画作品.这些作品在国内外展出后产生了巨大影响,促进了天主教绘画中国化的发展.     

Task-Dependent Compensatory Responses to Perturbations Applied During Rhythmic Movements in Humans

Modulation of the responses to perturbation applied during different phases of three rhythmic movements in humans—running, cycling, and hopping—was studied. The perturbation was an electrical stimulus. The results showed gating and modulation of the responses in both ipsi-and contralateral limb muscles. The responses during running and cycling were only excitatory in nature, while during hopping an inhibitory response was observed. These responses were not correlated with the normal activity during the movement. The latency of the response in general was not altered for different stimulation phases. The alterations in the step cycle demonstrated overt behavioral changes due to the responses. There were differences between the responses observed during these movements and walking. In running, the major adaptation to perturbations appears to be in the contralateral side as seen in the changes in the step cycle. During cycling (except for one phase) and hopping, the same set of muscles was activated in response to perturbation. This represents a simplifying strategy in response organization. The dependency of the response on the task characteristics, postural stability requirement, and external constraints imposed on the subject is discussed. These studies provide insights into task-dependent strategies adopted by the nervous system to meet unexpected perturbation during rhythmic movement in humans.     

Delayed Matching to Sample With Outcome-Specific Contingencies in Mentally Retarded Humans

Four mentally retarded human subjects performed delayed identity matching-to-sample tasks under conditions of outcome-specific and nonspecific reinforcement contingencies. With outcome-specific contingencies, experimentally defined correct selections of different discriminative stimuli were perfectly correlated with one of two different consequences (e.g., different foods); with nonspecific contingencies, correct selections were equally likely to be followed by either consequence. Previous studies with pigeons have shown consistently higher accuracy on delayed-matching tasks with outcome-specific contingencies. Results of this study failed to replicate that finding. For three subjects, accuracy scores were similar in specific and nonspecific conditions at fixed delays ranging from 0 s to 5 s. For the other subject, delay duration varied within each session, and accuracy scores improved across sessions regardless of outcome condition.

     

化德性为规范:西方的理论尝试及其批评

德性伦理学是古希腊伦理学的传统.但自近代以来,德性伦理学先后发生了两次规范化运动.一次是以功利主义和康德伦理学为代表的规范伦理学取代了德性伦理学的主导地位;一次是20世纪50年代以来兴起的德性伦理学复归运动中,德性伦理学内部阵营中出现的规范化的理论动向.德性伦理学的两次规范化运动都不可避免地面临着理论上的批评.德性伦理规范化引致的理论思考是:在现代社会中,德性伦理是否必要,如何可能.     

Attempt to validate the Self-Construal Scale in French: Systematic approach and model limitation

IntroductionIndependent and interdependent self-construals are included in individuals’ self-definitions. The 24-item Self-Construal Scale (SCS) was developed by Singelis (1994) as a means of measuring the “two selves” of individual identity, namely the independent self and the interdependent self. It has been translated into a number of different languages including French. Yet, proper psychometric validation procedures of the scale in foreign languages are lacking which is problematic given the recurrently reported subscales poor reliabilities.ObjectiveThe aim of the present paper is to present the steps followed in order to validate a French-translated version of Singelis’ (1994) 24-item Self-Construal Scale. Following such a systematic validation approach enables us to locate psychometric weaknesses and assess to what extent a standard validation procedure can address these limitations.MethodStudy 1 pertains to the translation of the inventory, item face-validity checks, and factor analyses. Study 2 aims to assess the inventory's test–retest stability, as well as its criterion-related validity based on correlations with Big Five personality traits.ResultsResults evidenced that back-translation, face-validity check and item selection did not enhance the SCS to a valid psychometric level. Factor analyses revealed that a three-factor model proved a better fit with the collected data.ConclusionGiven the poor psychometric properties of the SCS and the emergence of theory refinements, future research should consider alternative conceptualizations of self-construal.