中文故事阅读中预期与前后向推理的关系

通过3项实验,考察了中文故事阅读中前后向推理的差异及其与预期的关系。采用3×2独立设计,以反应时为指标,以较长的语篇为实验材料,分别利用核证法与命名法进行了实验一和二。实验三在实验二的基础上,用2×2独立设计,并根据实验目的修改了实验材料。实验一的结果显示,前向推理和后向推理差异显著;实验二的结果则是前向推理和后向推理无显著差异,而且预期的3个水平在前后向推理上均无显著差异;实验三的结果表明,在预期与前后向推理间距离近和预期句详述的情况下,预期与前后向推理产生了交互作用     

STATISTICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC INFERENCE IN PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

Statistical inference applied to principal components analysis deals with estimating the parameters of the correlation matrix, R, found in the population, from the characteristics of the sample matrix, R*. On the other hand, psychometric inference refers to estimating the internal consistency of the components themselves, so that the decisions about retaining a component for further analysis can be based upon psychometric criteria. A slightly modified approach to statistical inference, which focuses upon the variance of the Components in the population, has been suggested. This viewpoint can be extended to estimating the true score variance and the reliabilities of the components in the population of subjects. Psychometric tests of significance can then be made statistical in nature.     

关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持

两项实验对关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持进行了考察。实验结果表明,关联性记忆错觉接近学过词的回忆水平,但它的产生不随年龄的变化而变化;时间变量对关联性记忆错觉的影响不显著。此外,关联性记忆错觉不同于学过的词,在延迟加快时没有系列位置效应的产生。     

双陈述任务下演绎推理的错觉

研究了双陈述任务下的复合命题推理和三段论推理的错觉。被试为暨南大学本科生60名。使用冠有“只有一个陈述是正确的”作为限制条件的双陈述推理任务。实验1为纯命题任务,实验2为角色化任务。t检验的结果表明被试只考虑了正确的陈述,却忽略了错误的陈述而出现推理的错觉。结果支持了心理模型理论中的正面表征原则,初步提出正反信息转换机制的观点。     

SENSATION SCALES IN THE SIZE-WEIGHT ILLUSION

S joberg , L. Sensation scales in the size-weight illusion. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 109–112.-The subjects gave magnitude estimations of heaviness of a set of cylinders varying simultaneously in weight and height. The size-weight illusion could be well described by a simple model assuming heaviness to be inversely proportional to a sensation scale of size and directly proportional to a sensation scale of weight. The scale parameters corresponding to weight were a positively accelerated function of weight while the corresponding function for size was negatively accelerated.     

阅读理解中的预期推理

从工作记忆能力的个体差异的角度,探讨阅读描述日常生活事件的段落时预期推理过程的资源分配特点,及其与阅读焦点转移的关系。结果表明,（１）预期推理可以维持较长时间。（２）工作记忆能力强的被试进行预期推理的范围较广;而工作记忆能力较弱的被试推理范围较小。（３）工作记忆能力较弱者对每一个项目的激活量较大。（４）对于非常熟悉的事件,预期推理不受焦点转移的影响。     

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS AND THE EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION

Perception is shown in a block diagram which includes the instrumental errors in the sensing device, the transmission distortion in the nerves and the perceptual misjudgment in the high center. The perceptual misjudgment originates from the variation of comparison standards and the method of comparison, and would correspond to the mis-programming of the computer. A general mathematical formula for perception under the influence of various background stimuli is presented. The mechanism and equation for predicting the Ebbinghaus illusion are also presented.     

TRANSITIVE INFERENCE IN RATS:

Abstract— Rats were trained to discriminate between boxes covered with distinctive odors There were six stimulus odors, labeled A through F, and the problems learned formed the five premises A+B−, B+C−, C+D−, D+E−, and E+F− Combming the premises, the relative values of the stimuli were A>B>C>D>E>F In two experiments, linear arrangement groups learned these premises with Boxes A through F placed in a linear spatial sequence Nonlinear groups had boxes either randomly changed from one position to another (Experiment 1) or placed m a circular arrangement (Experiment 2) Tests of transitive inference between the B and D stimuli were carried out in an environment different from that m which premise training took place Only the groups trained with a linear arrangement of boxes showed evidence of transitive inference These findings offer support for a spatial coding hypothesis of transitive inference in animals     

THE HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ILLUSION AND THE ECOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS

L'illusion de la verticale et L'hypothèse écologique. — La discussion dont L'hypothèse écologique a été récemment L'objet, paraît ignorer, en ce qui concerne L'illusion verticale, un article de Künnapas (1955) qui démontre que cette illusion se compose de deux effets: 1) L'un qui est attribuable à la verticalité de la ligne; 2) L'autre qui est dû à L'intersection d'une ligne par L'autre. L'A. a réalisé une expérience qui, avec des stimuli différents, a donné des résultats qui sent en accord avec ceux de Künnapas. Une critique de la littérature consacrée à ce problème suggère que les données se raccordent mieux à L'hypothèse, bien qu'encoie imparfaitement, si L'on tient compte de la dualité des effets. L'auteur souligne la complexité du problème et pense que la symétrie pourrait être considérée comme un facteur additionnel.     

知觉与行为分离现象在二维铁钦纳错觉实验中的验

利用二维铁钦纳错觉图片对单手及双手抓握情境下的知觉与行为分离现象进行实验验证,并探讨注意引导等因素对分离现象的影响。实验包括知觉任务和行为任务两项内容,前者主要测量被试的主观错觉量,后者则探讨分离现象是否存在及其影响因素。在行为任务中,记录被试在中心（目标）圆尺寸“实际相同”和“知觉相同”等不同情境下的行为,以拇指和食指抓握图片中心圆的最大抓握孔径为行为指标。结果发现：单手抓握时,左、右手的行为虽然在一定程度上受到了错觉的影响,但均显示出分离现象;双手抓握时,右手受错觉影响的程度减少,分离现象增强,而左手的结果则比较混淆。因此,分离现象是存在的,但它的出现可能受到注意引导、注意分配倾向或双手协调能力等因素的影响。