机械特征相似程度不同情况下类别联想对类别学习的影响

探讨机械特征相似程度不同情况下类别联想对类别学习的影响,共包括2个实验.被试是广州某大学70名学生.探讨类别内部机械特征相似程度不同情况下,由主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习的影响.结果表明:(1)在类别内部项目机械特征相似程度高的情况下,一致主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习起促进作用;不一致主题特征激活的类别联想没有对类别学习起阻碍作用.(2)在类别内部项目机械特征相似程度低的情况下,不一致主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习起阻碍作用.     

Need for Stimulation as a Factor in Preferences for Different Stimuli

Recent investigations have indicated that “reduction” on the kinesthetic aftereffects (KAE) procedure may indicate high levels of a putative need for stimulation (nStim), while “augmentation” on this procedure may indicate low levels of this motive. The present study supports the interpretation of the KAE task as a measure of nStim by indicating that “reducers” on this measure (a) react favorably to complex auditory and visual stimuli and (b) expose themselves particularly frequently to complex and intense stimulation in their ongoing social activities.     

Figure-Ground Phenomena in the Perception of Physical and Social Stimuli

An instrument, the Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Scales (GRSLSS), was developed to assess six student learning styles. These styles are Independent, Dependent, Avoidant, Participant, Collaborative, and Competitive. A “rational approach” was used to develop the GRSLSS and evaluate its construct validity. The process included professional and student inputs in special procedures for selecting scale items and designing criterion items. The utility of this approach is considered and problems critiqued. The rational approach yielded relatively high temporal reliability coefficients (range across scales r = .76 to r = .83; N = 269) and numerous meaningful correlations between criterion items and scale scores.     

The Social Construction of Love Through Intergenerational Processes

Love became an integral part of marriage in Western culture in the mid-1900s. Marriage began to change along with the inclusion of love, which is evidenced by changes in divorce rates. While marriages themselves change, love too may be influenced in a reciprocal process. This study was interested in identifying the association between parental relationship factors, including marital status and interparental conflict, and both the experience of and expectations for love. The sample was collected using online convenience sampling, and included (N = 207) heterosexually married participants. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine the unique contribution of the parent marital factors on love. Higher levels of interparental conflict were associated with lower levels of love and expectations for love, while having parents who were separated was associated with higher relationship expectations. These findings can support case conceptualizations for clinical work with couples and the use of Narrative and Transgenerational therapies.     

Self-Esteem and In-Group Bias Among Members of a Religious Social Category

Abstract

In a sample of New Zealand university students, the author extended earlier research into the relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination. He found no support for the hypothesis that social-category members (i.e., Christians) experience an elevation in the domain of self-esteem (i.e., religious self-esteem) judged as more relevant to the in-group after evaluations favoring the in-group. Regardless of whether the evaluation targets behaved positively or negatively, the respondents in the experimental condition evaluated in-group (Christian) targets more highly than out-group (Atheist) targets. After evaluations favoring the in-group, the respondents did not experience an elevation of religious self-esteem, global self-esteem, or mathematical self-esteem (judged as less relevant to the in-group).     

Social Cognition Permeates Social Psychology: Motivated Mental Processes Guide the Study of Human Social Behavior

Social cognition provides a metatheoretical approach to understanding the mental underpinnings of human social behavior. This paper reviews some of the major themes in social cognition research, tracing its progression from a methodological hybrid between cognitive and social psychology to a major foundation of social psychology. We stress the most recent trend in social cognition research – the motivated tactician theme – which focuses on the roles of motives and goals in people's mental processes and social behavior; examples from our laboratory illustrate this theme. Our brief historical overview emphasizes diversity within the social cognition approach; its applicability to multiple psychological and social issues; and directions for collaboration with other notable research traditions, particularly cross-cultural perspectives.     

Verbal Establishing Stimuli: Testing the Motivative Effect of Stimuli in a Derived Relation with Consequences

The Psychological Record - The present study examined whether the presentation of stimuli in equivalence relations with consequences increases the operant behavior that produces these consequences....     

Constraints on Arm Selection Processes When Reaching: Degrees of Freedom and Joint Amplitudes Interact to Influence Limb Selection

With an interest in identifying the variables that constrain arm choice when reaching, the authors had 11 right-handed participants perform free-choice and assigned-limb reaches at 9 object positions. The right arm was freely selected 100% of the time when reaching to positions at 30° and 40° into right hemispace. However, the left arm was freely selected to reach to positions at ?30° and ?40° in left hemispace 85% of the time. A comparison between free- and assigned-limb reaching kinematics revealed that free limb selection when reaching to the farthest positions was constrained by joint amplitude requirements and the time devoted to limb deceleration. Differences between free- and assigned-arm reaches were not evident when reaching to the midline and positions of ±10°, even though the right arm was freely selected most often for these positions. Different factors contribute to limb selection as a function of distance into a specific hemispace.     

Attributions for Success and Failure in Children of Different Social Class

Abstract

Seventh-grade male and female students (N = 60), divided on the basis of socioeconomic status, were asked to attribute causes to their success or failure on a block-design measure after having experienced solvable, unsolvable, or no pretreatment problems. Differences in use of attributions to ability, effort, task ease, and luck factors were analyzed. The results failed to support the hypothesis that social class groups would differ in their use of attributions in response to success. Subjects were more clearly differentiated, however, in their choice of attributions for failure, with lower class failing students less prone to ascribe their outcome to unstable causes than middle-class failing students.     

不同难度阅读材料对阅读知觉广度影响的眼动研究

采用经典的呈现随眼动变化技术,以Eyelink II眼动仪为工具,考察材料难度和窗口大小对中文句子阅读的影响.实验设计为2(材料难度:难,易)× 5(窗口大小:1个字,3个字,5个字,7个字和整行)被试内实验设计,被试为15名在校大学生.研究结果表明:(1)阅读容易材料时的知觉广度为5个字.(2)阅读困难材料时知觉广度为3-5个字.     

不同性质汉语否定句心理加工过程的实验研究

采用词汇/图片判断范式,以不同性质的否定句和其对应的肯定句为实验材料,以词汇/图片判断的反应时和正确率为因变量指标,探讨不同性质汉语否定句的加工是否是动态变化的过程。研究分为两个大实验四个小实验。实验一采用句图匹配任务,否定句是对具体现实情境的否定,实验1a和1b分别考察句图短时间间隔和长时间间隔下否定意义的加工。实验二采用词汇判断任务,实验材料为隐喻形式的否定句。实验2a和2b分别为句词短时间间隔和长时间间隔。实验1发现短时间间隔时,句图不匹配条件下图片判断时间短于匹配时;长时间间隔时相反,句图匹配条件下图片判断时间更短。实验2发现短时间间隔时,句词不匹配条件下词汇判断时间短于匹配时,而长时间间隔时匹配与否的词汇判断时间无差异。综合两个实验结果表明,对现实情境的具体否定句符合两阶段模拟加工,被否定意义在加工早期被表征,但会因句子实际意义的通达而得到抑制;而隐喻形式的抽象否定句加工更符合抑制/保存假说,被否定意义在加工早期被表征,并在加工后期仍保留在头脑中。     

Change Processes in Residential Cognitive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Social Phobia: A Process-Outcome Study

The purpose of this study was to test cognitive and interpersonal models for improving social phobia. Eighty patients with social phobia were randomized to 10-week residential cognitive (RCT) or residential interpersonal psychotherapy (RIPT). They completed process measures every Thursday and a sub-outcome measure every Monday. The ratings were analyzed with mixed models. Weekly changes in the process variables derived from the cognitive model (self-focus, estimated probability and estimated cost of negative social events, safety behaviors) predicted subsequent weekly changes in social anxiety. Changes in the interpersonal variable perceived acceptance by others also predicted subsequent changes in social anxiety. On the other hand, changes in social anxiety predicted changes in the four cognitive variables. There were no interactive effects of process with treatment. The cognitive variables decreased during treatment to a similar degree in both treatments. The results indicate that, to reduce social anxiety, therapy should target self-focus, estimated probability and cost of feared social events, safety behaviors, and perceived acceptance by others. The process of improvement may involve positive cycles in that a reduction of social anxiety, in turn, appeared to impact self-focus, probability, cost, and safety behaviors.     

The Category of Node-and-Choice Preforms for Extensive-Form Games

It would be useful to have a category of extensive-form games whose isomorphisms specify equivalences between games. Since working with entire games is too large a project for a single paper, I begin here with preforms, where a “preform” is a rooted tree together with choices and information sets. In particular, this paper first defines the category \(\mathbf {Tree}\), whose objects are “functioned trees”, which are specially designed to be incorporated into preforms. I show that \(\mathbf {Tree}\) is isomorphic to the full subcategory of \(\mathbf {Grph}\) whose objects are converging arborescences. Then the paper defines the category \(\mathbf {NCP}\), whose objects are “node-and-choice preforms”, each of which consists of a node set, a choice set, and an operator mapping node-choice pairs to nodes. I characterize the \(\mathbf {NCP}\) isomorphisms, define a forgetful functor from \(\mathbf {NCP}\) to \(\mathbf {Tree}\), and show that \(\mathbf {Tree}\) is equivalent to the full subcategory of \(\mathbf {NCP}\) whose objects are perfect-information preforms. The paper also shows that many game-theoretic entities can be derived from preforms, and that these entities are well-behaved with respect to \(\mathbf {NCP}\) morphisms and isomorphisms.     

The Importance of Being Emergent: A Theoretical Exploration of Impression Formation in Novel Social Category Conjunctions

Social category conjunction is a form of multiple categorization involving the combination of two simultaneously salient constituent categories to form a complex category (e.g., female soldier). Research has reliably demonstrated that perceivers often apply emergent traits when forming impressions of novel incongruent social category conjunctions, that is, traits not associated with the simple constituent categories (e.g., Kunda, Miller, & Claire, 1990 ). However, the theoretical literature modeling the mechanisms underlying impression formation in novel social category conjunctions is less well established and inconsistent. In this article, we critically evaluate the current state of empirical research and theory on novel social category conjunction, with particular reference to emergent traits, aiming to provide a more coherent framework for future research and theory. In addition, we seek to emphasize the wider importance of emergent traits, by drawing out links between research and theory on social category conjunctions with broader perspectives of impression formation.     

Category scales of sweetness are consistent with sweetness-matching data

Category scales were obtained for the sweetness of sucrose, fructose, and glucose, with care being taken to preclude methodological bias. These category scales were then used to predict the outcome of scale-free sweetness matching with the same three sweeteners. The matching concentrations predicted from the category scales were found to agree well with those actually obtained in several sweetness-matching studies.     

不熟悉材料伴随熟悉类别标签时儿童的归纳推理

对呈现在儿童面前的不熟悉的材料用儿童熟悉的、各不相同的类别标签命名之后,使儿童面临知觉相似和类别冲突的情形下,研究了儿童的归纳推理及其发展。研究结果显示,在此情形下,5岁儿童的归纳推理主要是基于知觉相似的,7岁儿童基于知觉相似和基于类别的归纳推理之间差异不显著,11岁儿童则主要基于类别进行归纳推理。