机械特征相似程度不同情况下类别联想对类别学习的影响

探讨机械特征相似程度不同情况下类别联想对类别学习的影响,共包括2个实验.被试是广州某大学70名学生.探讨类别内部机械特征相似程度不同情况下,由主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习的影响.结果表明:(1)在类别内部项目机械特征相似程度高的情况下,一致主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习起促进作用;不一致主题特征激活的类别联想没有对类别学习起阻碍作用.(2)在类别内部项目机械特征相似程度低的情况下,不一致主题特征激活的类别联想对类别学习起阻碍作用.     

继时呈现条件下类别归纳过程的ERPs研究

采用ERP技术对继时呈现条件下类别归纳过程进行了实验研究.使用几何图形为材料,18名被试在单维属性不告知、单维属性告知、双维属性不告知三种条件下完成类别归纳任务.通过对相关ERP成分的分析得出以下结论:(1)在继时呈现归纳材料的情况下,对刺激的加工是在已有背景基础上对后来呈现的刺激进行选择性加工,从而形成类别;(2)成年人与儿童在类别归纳中认知加工方式可能存在不同,当类别归纳的复杂程度增加时,即在需要归纳的属性从一个变为两个的时候,成年人仍然倾向于通过归纳出类别判断规则用于分类任务,而非通过相似性进行判断;(3)继时呈现材料条件下类别归纳任务中出现的P400可能是标志类别归纳过程完成的ERP成分,而且与对刺激属性加工具体过程无关.     

社交焦虑个体对正性面孔刺激的解释偏差

本研究分别在短时（60ms）和长时（无时间限制）条件下呈现匹配的正性和中性面孔,要求高、低社交焦虑被试选择更具威胁性的面孔,以验证两者对正性刺激是否存在主观解释偏差,并考察该偏差产生于认知加工的哪一阶段。结果发现,长时条件下,高焦虑组选择正性面孔的比例显著高于低焦虑组;短时条件下无显著差异。提示高社交焦虑个体对正性刺激存在主观、外显的解释偏差,他们更倾向于对正性刺激做出消极解释,并且这种偏差产生于认知加工的后期。     

Need for Stimulation as a Factor in Preferences for Different Stimuli

Recent investigations have indicated that “reduction” on the kinesthetic aftereffects (KAE) procedure may indicate high levels of a putative need for stimulation (nStim), while “augmentation” on this procedure may indicate low levels of this motive. The present study supports the interpretation of the KAE task as a measure of nStim by indicating that “reducers” on this measure (a) react favorably to complex auditory and visual stimuli and (b) expose themselves particularly frequently to complex and intense stimulation in their ongoing social activities.     

社会性信息对Flanker效应的影响

研究显示,面孔Flanker任务中,经典Flanker效应会消失,但其机制还不明确。本文在ANT-I范式的基础上,除常规的箭头Flanker,增加面孔Flanker、两侧为箭头中间为面孔和两侧为面孔中间为箭头的混合Flanker,探究造成该现象的可能原因。结果发现,当Flanker任务中的干扰刺激为箭头时,Flanker效应存在;而干扰刺激为面孔时,Flanker效应则消失了。提示,Flanker任务中干扰刺激的社会性可能是造成Flanker效应消失的原因。这为冲突信息加工中社会性与非社会性信息的控制机制提供了新的视角。     

Constraints on the Acquisition of Social Category Concepts

Determining which dimensions of social classification are culturally significant is a developmental challenge. Some suggest this is accomplished by differentially privileging intrinsic visual cues over nonintrinsic cues (Atran, 1990 Atran , S. (1990). Cognitive foundations of natural history: Towards an anthropology of science . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]; Gil-White, 2001 Gil-White , F. J. ( 2001 ). Are ethnic groups biological ‘species’ to the human brain? Essentialism in our cognition of some social categories . Current Anthropology , 42 , 515 – 554 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), whereas others point to the role of noun labels as more general promoters of kind-based reasoning (Bigler &; Liben, 2007 Bigler , R. S. , &; Liben , L. S. ( 2007 ). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 16 , 162 – 166 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Gelman, 2003 Gelman , S. A. ( 2003 ). The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). A novel groups procedure was employed to examine the independent effects of noun labels and visual cues on social categorization. Experiment 1 demonstrated that in the absence of a visual cue, a noun label supported social categorization among 4-year-olds and 7-year-olds. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that children and adults fail to differentiate between intrinsic and nonintrinsic visual cues to category membership, suggesting that this distinction is not central to the acquisition of social category concepts. Experiments 2 and 3 also showed that in the absence of a shared noun label, visual cues were not sufficient for younger children to form social categories. Experiment 4 ruled out a potential demand characteristic in the previous experiments. Together, these results reveal the primacy of verbal labels over visual cues for social categorization in young children and suggest a developmental change between ages 4 and 7 in the ability to construct new representations of social category concepts.     

Figure-Ground Phenomena in the Perception of Physical and Social Stimuli

An instrument, the Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Scales (GRSLSS), was developed to assess six student learning styles. These styles are Independent, Dependent, Avoidant, Participant, Collaborative, and Competitive. A “rational approach” was used to develop the GRSLSS and evaluate its construct validity. The process included professional and student inputs in special procedures for selecting scale items and designing criterion items. The utility of this approach is considered and problems critiqued. The rational approach yielded relatively high temporal reliability coefficients (range across scales r = .76 to r = .83; N = 269) and numerous meaningful correlations between criterion items and scale scores.     

不同类别学习方式的对比研究

55名被试被随机分配到两个组,分别通过分类学习与推理学习来学习两个类别,之后,两组被试对新的测试项目进行典型性评定,考察类别学习方式对类别表征的影响。研究结果表明,分类学习者仅仅依据项目的诊断性程度来评定,而推理学习者主要依据项目的典型性程度来评定。所以,诊断性信息在分类学习者的类别表征中占有重要位置,典型性信息在推理学习者的类别表征中占有重要位置,即分类学习与推理学习导致的类别表征不同。     

Self-Esteem and In-Group Bias Among Members of a Religious Social Category

Abstract

In a sample of New Zealand university students, the author extended earlier research into the relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination. He found no support for the hypothesis that social-category members (i.e., Christians) experience an elevation in the domain of self-esteem (i.e., religious self-esteem) judged as more relevant to the in-group after evaluations favoring the in-group. Regardless of whether the evaluation targets behaved positively or negatively, the respondents in the experimental condition evaluated in-group (Christian) targets more highly than out-group (Atheist) targets. After evaluations favoring the in-group, the respondents did not experience an elevation of religious self-esteem, global self-esteem, or mathematical self-esteem (judged as less relevant to the in-group).     

The Social Construction of Love Through Intergenerational Processes

Love became an integral part of marriage in Western culture in the mid-1900s. Marriage began to change along with the inclusion of love, which is evidenced by changes in divorce rates. While marriages themselves change, love too may be influenced in a reciprocal process. This study was interested in identifying the association between parental relationship factors, including marital status and interparental conflict, and both the experience of and expectations for love. The sample was collected using online convenience sampling, and included (N = 207) heterosexually married participants. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine the unique contribution of the parent marital factors on love. Higher levels of interparental conflict were associated with lower levels of love and expectations for love, while having parents who were separated was associated with higher relationship expectations. These findings can support case conceptualizations for clinical work with couples and the use of Narrative and Transgenerational therapies.     

不同社会行为倾向小学生的同伴地位特点*

采用个体中心的视角,通过班级戏剧和同伴提名法考查小学生社会行为与同伴接纳间的关系。结构频率分析发现：（1）具有高水平积极社会行为的儿童易受同伴欢迎,不易受同伴拒绝。具有高水平积极社会行为又伴有高退缩行为的儿童在低年级时也会受同伴欢迎。（2）高水平的攻击行为易受到同伴拒绝或争议。具有高水平攻击行为的儿童,当伴有高退缩行为时,在低年级时易受到同伴拒绝,在中高年级时易受到同伴争议。（3）社会行为倾向不显著者易获得一般而不易获得受争议的同伴关系,但在中低年级时不易受同伴欢迎。     

Social Cognition Permeates Social Psychology: Motivated Mental Processes Guide the Study of Human Social Behavior

Social cognition provides a metatheoretical approach to understanding the mental underpinnings of human social behavior. This paper reviews some of the major themes in social cognition research, tracing its progression from a methodological hybrid between cognitive and social psychology to a major foundation of social psychology. We stress the most recent trend in social cognition research – the motivated tactician theme – which focuses on the roles of motives and goals in people's mental processes and social behavior; examples from our laboratory illustrate this theme. Our brief historical overview emphasizes diversity within the social cognition approach; its applicability to multiple psychological and social issues; and directions for collaboration with other notable research traditions, particularly cross-cultural perspectives.     

不同类型集群行为的差异比较

集群行为是个体以群体成员身份参与的以改善群体地位为目标的行动。近年来, 西方心理学在集群行为领域的研究开始呈现差异化分析比较的研究趋势。根据行为模式是否符合社会规范, 可将集群行为分为常规集群行为与违规集群行为。根据参与群体的社会地位, 可将集群行为分为弱势群体集群行为与优势群体集群行为。根据集群行为的成就, 可将结果分为“成功”与“失败”两类。不同类型集群行为所涉及的心理机制、前因变量及发展趋势具有很大差异。今后的研究应探明不同类型集群行为间的内在联系, 重视文化背景因素并加强与其他学科研究成果的结合。     

成年期残疾个体对不同类型社交线索的注意偏向

为了探讨成年期残疾个体对不同类型社交线索的注意偏向,以正常人作为对照组,通过两个实验,分别采用情绪Stroop任务和同中选异任务考察了成年期残疾个体对社交反馈言语线索和社交反馈情绪线索的注意偏向。研究发现:(1)残疾人对社交拒绝词的颜色命名显著快于正常人,即残疾人对消极社交反馈言语线索存在注意偏向;(2)残疾人对愤怒面孔的检测显著快于正常人,正常人对快乐面孔的检测显著快于残疾人,即残疾人对消极社交反馈情绪线索更加敏感,而正常人则对积极社交反馈情绪线索更加敏感;(3)残疾人不存在对消极社交反馈情绪线索的注意解脱困难。     

阈上阈下启动刺激在不同锻炼人群中引发自动评价的特点

双加工理论认为锻炼行为形成中自动加工（系统1）和熟虑加工（系统2）是两个相互作用但又截然不同的信息处理系统,其中自动评价通过触发系统1的自动加工过程激活运动记忆自发的心理联想,并对运动进行情感评价,从而影响锻炼行为。本研究的目的是检测锻炼相关刺激在不同锻炼人群中引发的自动评价特点。采用评价启动任务范式,实验1和实验2分别给予阈上和阈下锻炼词或非锻炼词作为启动刺激,之后要求被试对积极或者消极目标词进行按键反应。研究结果显示无论阈上还是阈下呈现锻炼启动词,均表现为锻炼组对积极目标词反应速度更快。结果表明：锻炼人群对于锻炼词具有积极自动评价。     

Verbal Establishing Stimuli: Testing the Motivative Effect of Stimuli in a Derived Relation with Consequences

The Psychological Record - The present study examined whether the presentation of stimuli in equivalence relations with consequences increases the operant behavior that produces these consequences....     

社会快感缺失认知过程的跨诊断研究进展

社会快感缺失具有广泛的跨诊断和亚临床特征,包括孤独感、内向性、社交焦虑和社会功能受损等。传统医学模型聚焦于社会快感缺失相关疾病的诊断和神经生理机制,促进了社会快感缺失药物和神经靶向治疗。然而社会快感缺失广泛地存在于健康人群和亚临床人群中,只有寻找有效的心理咨询和治疗方案,才会对亚临床人群社会快感缺失的缓解和社会功能的提升提供帮助。认知过程模型聚焦于积极效价系统,强调对积极奖赏刺激注意、记忆、心理意象等认知过程的提升,该模型将是社会快感缺失心理咨询与治疗的有效途径。