不同屏面背景亮度下正确辨认荧光屏(CRT)颜色字符亮度对比度阈的实验研究

本研究的目的是了解屏面背景亮度与正确辩认CRT 红、绿、蓝三种颜色字符所需亮度对比度阈间的变化关系。结果表明:(1)CRT 颜色字符的视觉辩认绩效与屏面背景亮度和字符亮度对比度有关。随背景亮度的提高,正确辩认CRT 红、绿、蓝三种颜色字符的亮度对比度阈均随之下降,且在一定的作业绩效水平上,背景亮度与字符亮度对比度阈间存在“代偿关系”以及“代偿比例转换”的关系;(2)在同等背景亮度下,正确辩认CRT 红、绿、蓝三种颜色字符的亮度对比度阈间存在一定差异,其中,红色字符的亮度对比度阈明显低于蓝色字符。     

VDT作业中屏面背景亮度与对比度的交互作用

VDT的亮度对比度和屏面亮度在对操作者视觉功能的影响中,存在着交互作用。VDT的最佳对比度和适宜对比度范围随屏面亮度水平而变化,提高屏面亮度可以使最佳对比度值和适宜对比度范围向低对比度端偏移。评价VDT显示质量,主观评价法具有与作业绩效指标同样的价值。     

CRT显示颜色编码与色标大小、亮度关系的实验研究

本研究通过考察CRT显示器上目标色大小和亮度变化与人的绝对辨色效果间的关系,了解色标大小和色标亮度对CRT显示颜色编码的影响,探讨提高CRT颜色编码显示视觉工效的方法。实验结果表明,CRT色标大小和色标亮度对人的绝对辨色效果均有明显影响,增大色标大小和提高色标亮度均可使CRT颜色编码的编码数目和编码颜色的选择范围扩大,同时得到在不同色标大小时的CRT显示颜色编码系统。     

照度和对比度对于视觉显示终端视觉功能的影响

本研究试图通过视觉显示终端的视觉功能研究,了解图象在荧光屏上的亮度对比度、荧光屏照度以及不同光源对于视觉功能的作用。图象在荧光屏上的亮度对比是影响阅读速度的重要因素,同时,荧光屏照度增加时,阅读速度降低。为了提高工作效率,可以提高图象在荧光屏上的亮度对比,也可以降低荧光屏照度。我们似乎可以推荐合适的荧光屏照度为50—200Lux。这时水平工作面照度是70—340Lux。     

视觉显示终端屏面亮度水平和对比度对视疲劳的影响

本实验研究了VDT不同屏面亮度与对比度对视疲劳的影响。实验中采用远近视点的眼肌调节时间变化率作指标,对VDT作业的不同时段进行视疲劳测定。屏面亮度取20、30、40Cd/m~2三种水平,对比度取3:1至15:1,分成七等。实验结果表明,在本实验所取的屏面亮度范围内:(1)9:1～11:1对比度所引起的视疲劳最轻,对比度愈趋近高低两端所引起的视疲劳愈深;(2)不同水平的屏面亮度对视疲劳有不同程度的影响。对比度小于7:1时,高亮屏所引起的视疲劳程度比低亮屏的轻;对比度大于7:1时,高亮屏比低亮屏更易引起疲劳。     

不同环境照度下手机屏幕亮度最优参数研究－以三星某手机为例

已有研究表明环境照度、计算机显示器的屏幕亮度和对比度会影响用户的任务操作绩效。本研究采用视觉搜索任务,从行为绩效、主观评价以及眼睛疲劳度指标来考察环境照度、手机屏幕亮度对视觉搜索绩效的影响,并提出在不同的环境照度下手机屏幕亮度的最优值设置参数。结果表明：（1）当手机屏幕亮度保持不变时,不同环境亮度下的搜索绩效差异显著。（2）当环境照度为0lx时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值在11cd/m2左右;环境照度为100lx时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值是68cd/m2左右,环境照度为500lx时,手机屏幕亮度最优值是257cd/m2左右。     

环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度对荧光屏(CRT)显示颜色编码的影响

本研究对不同环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度条件下荧光屏(CRT)16种显示色的绝对辨色效果进行了比较。结果表明,随照明强度增加,辨色效果下降,2800K色温照明下的辨色效果优于1800K、5800K色温照明,高亮度色标有利于提高辨色效果。根据实验结果可得到不同照明条件下的CRT显示颜色编码系统,且提高CRT显示色亮度可扩大颜色编码范围。     

在亮度对比和颜色对比下立体视知觉的定量研究

研究了在亮度对比与等亮度颜色对比的条件下,受试者分辨随机点阵立体图对的立体视敏度（最小视差）．结果表明：（１）在亮度对比条件下,立体视敏度随对比度的增加而增加,１０％的对比度即可引起立体视知觉,对比度大于３０％时达到饱和;（２）在亮度对比与等亮度颜色对比两种不同的条件下,受试者的立体视敏度不存在有统计学意义的差异;（３）当双眼分别接受不同颜色的等亮度立体图刺激时,与亮度对比条件相比,受试者的立体视敏度无明显差异;（４）当受试者双眼分别接受由亮度对比和颜色对比形成的立体图刺激时,只有当颜色对比图中图形与背景间的对比度超过等亮度值３８％以上时,才能形成立体视知觉．以上结果提示,大、小细胞系统（包括斑点系统与斑点间系统）均参与立体视知觉信息的传递．     

照明水平、亮度对比和视标大小对视觉功能的影响

本研究在不同背景照度条件下对不同大小、不同对比度的兰道尔环的辨认进行了实验。主要结果表明:(1)视觉作业水平的提高依赖于视标大小、对比度和背景照度这三个变量及其相互间的关系;在视觉作业水平一定时,视标大小、对比度和背景照度存在着两两对应的代偿关系;(2)以中国人为被试的RCS结果与国外欧美人为被试的CIE推荐的结果基本一致,但前者在低亮度范围内要明显高于后者。     

微光环境下显示器(CRT)颜色视标绝对辨别能力的研究

随着计算机彩色显示技术的飞速发展，在CRT显示器中采用颜色编码来显示信息得到了广泛的应用。在实际使用中，由于颜色编码的视觉绩效和环境照明强度、视标本身的亮度等因素有密切的关系．很多工效学家和心理学家对这些问题进行了大量的相关研究．但这些以往的研究往往是在正常环境照明条件(或明视觉状态)中进行的。例如，许为等曾在1989年研究了环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度对CRT颜色编码的影响，实验中采用的环境照明强度最低为10Lux。     

PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF LENGTH

The effects of five procedures on the acquisition of conservation of length were studied. A Müller-Lyer illusion was used to induce apparent changes in length in the test- and practice-situations. Two procedures involved practice on addition-subtraction, one a progressive increase in the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion, and one the anticipation of the outcome of displacements of the objects. A fifth procedure was a composite of the other four. The results showed some acquisitions in all groups, with highest frequency in the anticipation group, and lowest in the increase-in-illusion group.     

不同年龄广告名人效应的心理加工机制研究

本研究从自动化加工和控制性加工这个视角研究了名人效应的心理加工机制。实验运用加工分离程序,探讨了不同年龄阶段的受众对名人广告的信息加工模式。结果发现：(1)名人效应是一个普遍存在的现象,与用一般消费者做代言人相比,青少年、成年人(大学生)以及老年人对名人广告均明显存在更多的自动化加工,且加工水平没有年龄差异。但是,老年人的控制性加工明显低于其他两组;(2)在非注意条件下,代言人的专业化程度明显地影响了大学生组的控制性加工,但与各组被试的自动化加工都关系不大。这些研究发现为广告策略的制定带来了一些新的启示。     

JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM: A COMPARISON OF THE SUBTLETY OF SEXISM MEASURES AND SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM

We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.     

ON THE EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF DIFFERING MAGNITUDES OF REINFORCEMENT

We conducted a parametric analysis of response suppression associated with different magnitudes of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). Participants were 5 adults with severe or profound mental retardation who engaged in a manual response that was reinforced on variable-ratio schedules during baseline. Participants were then exposed to NCR via multielement and reversal designs. The fixed-time schedules were kept constant while the magnitude of the reinforcing stimulus was varied across three levels (low, medium, and high). Results showed that high-magnitude NCR schedules produced large and consistent reductions in response rates, medium-magnitude schedules produced less consistent and smaller reductions, and low-magnitude schedules produced little or no effect on responding. These results suggest that (a) NCR affects responding by altering an establishing operation (i.e., attenuating a deprivation state) rather than through extinction, and (b) magnitude of reinforcement is an important variable in determining the effectiveness of NCR.     

SOME NORMATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF KORSGAARD'S THEORY OF THE INTERSUBJECTIVITY OF REASON

Abstract: This article argues that Christine Korsgaard's conception of self‐constitution can be historicized by considering the impact of actual humans on our reflective activity. Because Korsgaard bases her argument on a philosophy of action rather than of intention (as Kant does), and our actions must always be concrete, the article argues that the principles for action which we develop in reflection are likewise responses to concrete human demands. It further interprets the types of demands humans make on each other as the expression of historical circumstance rather than as transcendentally anchored. The notion of universal respect that reflection seeks to achieve is thus seen as developing by a self‐correcting process of concrete human interaction. Finally, the article concludes that there can be no metaphysical proof of morality, since morality develops through human interaction that seeks to approximate the idea of respect for persons.     

大学生自尊发展的特点

采用自编《大学生自尊评定问卷》,探讨1104名大学生自尊发展的特点。结果表明：（1）随着年级的增长大学生自尊呈稳定发展趋势,重要感、胜任感、归属感三个维度上表现出显著的年级差异。（2）大学生自尊发展存在着显著的性别差异,男生发展水平显著高于女生,性别差异主要体现在归属感维度。（3）文科生外表感维度得分显著高于理科生,独生子女、城市学生以及学生干部在自尊总分及其三个维度得分显著高于非独生子女、农村学生以及非学生干部。