The psychoanalytic view of phobias. Part IV: General theory of phobias and anxiety.

This is the final part of the work on the psychoanalytic view of phobias. Here we consider general views of phobias, developments and issues in the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety, as it relates to phobias, and take up aspects of some broader theoretical issues, including nosology.     

The psychoanalytic view of phobias. Part III: Agoraphobia and other phobias of adults.

This is the third part of a review and commentary on the psychoanalytic literature on phobias. This section takes up agoraphobia and other phobias of adults, and suggests further avenues for interpenetration of psychoanalytic and psychiatric approaches.     

The psychoanalytic view of phobias. Part I: Freud's theories of phobias and anxiety.

This paper initiates a series of communications on psychoanalytic and current psychiatric approaches to the understanding and treatment of phobic syndromes with a review and discussion of Freud's evolving ideas on phobias and anxiety. A list of issues that any theory of phobic syndromes must address is compiled on the basis of Freud's work.     

Problems in contemporary psychoanalytic theory: II. Lines of advance

In the theoretical development to come in psychoanalysis, an "inclusive" strategy is recommended, allowing for conflicting points of view to exist side by side waiting for a new integrating theory to emerge. Until such a theory is at hand, the term "psychoanalysis" will remain a rather loose heading for several psychoanalytic subcultures. It is argued, both clinically and theoretically, in favour of giving the organizing function of the ego a central position in the forthcoming theory. Some consequences of this "organizational" point of view are discussed in relation to: ( a ) diagnostic classification, ( b ) the distinction between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, and (c) the theoretical language of psychoanalysis. In conclusion som requirements for a future theory of psychoanalysis are proposed.     

Group psychology in the totalitarian system: A psychoanalytic view

The author discusses the ideas of three important psychoanalytic thinkers about group processes in large social groups: Sigmund Freud, Wilfred Bion, and Erich Fromm. Their ideas are developed and applied to analysis of group processes in totalitarian systems, as they were known to the author in Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. In conclusion, treatment considerations as they apply to patients who grew up in these regimes are developed and illustrated by clinical cases.This paper is dedicated to Dr. Alexander Wolf, who made his groups growth-promoting, free and holding environments.The author wants to thank Valerie Angel, M.S.W., Eva Papiasvili, Ph.D., Susan Kavaler, Ph.D., Maria Luisa Bastos, Ph.D., and Nancy Smith for their support, critical commentary, and helpful suggestions.     

The finite and infinite development. II. Recent psychoanalytic theory and therapeutic considerations]

Freud's characterization of the manifest dream is typified by an implicit appreciation and an explicit devaluation of dream images. According to the author, the theoretical-historical motive behind this divergent evaluation is already evident in Freud's prepsychoanalytic writings, where he assigns primacy to the written word. The author holds that the biographic motive derives from an ambivalent internalization of the Mosaic sanction against graven images, conveyed to Freud by his father through the spirit of the Phillipson Bible.