多动症和学习困难儿童父母教育方式探讨

本研究采用两种测量工具,对137名儿童(其中学习困难儿童46名,多动症儿童50名,控制组儿童41名)的父母的教育方式进行了评估.结果表明,在教育方式的不同方面和教育方式类型上,学习困难和多动症组儿童的父母与对照组父母存在显着差异.最后,本文结合父母的期望,教育方式与儿童行为问题的关系对结果进行了讨论.     

流动儿童认同整合测量及回忆性质的影响

在质性访谈31名,初测269名,正式施测576名,重测84名流动儿童的基础上,修编双文化认同整合量表(BIIS-1)以适用于我国流动儿童群体;探讨了83名流动儿童的三种不同性质的回忆事件对认同整合的影响效果。结果发现:(1)BIIS—流动儿童版的项目区分度、Cronbachα系数、重测信度、结构效度和效标效度等心理测量学指标良好,适用于我国流动儿童;(2)积极回忆明显促进了流动儿童认同整合的提升,初步证实了认同整合的可塑性。     

儿童社交退缩、同伴关系和社会信息加工特点的关系

应用班级戏剧问卷在小学3-5年级儿童中筛选退缩儿童121名（安静退缩52名,活跃退缩47名,混合退缩22名）,同时设立对照组。集体施测同伴提名、朋友提名和友谊质量问卷,并对其中部分儿童实施社会信息加工的结构性访谈,探讨童年中期不同类型社交退缩儿童的同伴关系和社会信息加工特点之间的关系。结果表明,安静退缩儿童的同伴关系与一般儿童无显著差异,但活跃退缩和混合退缩儿童的同伴关系较差;活跃退缩儿童和混合退缩儿童与一般儿童相比,在社会信息加工过程中存在更多的差异;儿童的同伴关系在社交退缩行为与社会信息加工能力之间起到部分中介的作用;可从同伴关系和反应执行水平两个方面综合预测儿童的退缩行为。     

关爱留守儿童,让世界充满爱!

关注缘由 2012年5月,江西宜春一个家庭的5名留守儿童溺水身亡;6月,西安蓝田县孟村乡大王村,一名10岁的留守儿童喝农药自杀;11月,贵州毕节5名儿童垃圾箱内生火取暖导致一氧化碳中毒身亡.而12月14日,河南光山一名男子在小学门口持刀砍伤了22名小学生,这些被砍的孩子中,大部分是留守儿童.     

北京流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑及对孤独感的影响

选取1164名流动儿童、525名北京儿童和568名农村儿童为被试,考察流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑和孤独感的关系。结果表明：（1）流动儿童的城市流动性和住房流动性偏高,而学校流动性相对偏低;（2）在社交焦虑和孤独感方面,流动儿童显著高于北京儿童和农村儿童;住房和学校流动性高的儿童显著高于流动性低的儿童;（3）流动儿童的流动性对其孤独感没有显著的预测作用,而社交焦虑有显著的预测作用,预测系数为30．2％。流动儿童存在较高的社交焦虑和孤独感,社交焦虑能够显著预测孤独感。     

认知风格与社会情景对儿童满足延宕影响的实验研究

借鉴米契尔有关儿童满足延宕的实验范式,对认知方式与社会情景对儿童满足延宕影响进行实验研究,通过对某儿童园78名儿童认知风格(场独立性和场依存性)的划分,选出40名儿童(场独立性和场依存性各20名)对其在社会情景(有无他人关注)下进行实验。     

5~6岁自闭症儿童与正常儿童的辨别反转学习研究

采用条件性辨别反转范式,考察自闭症儿童与正常儿童的反转灵活性。44名5~6岁儿童（24名自闭症儿童,20名正常儿童）参加了辨别反转学习。结果显示：⑴在习得阶段,两类儿童都能辨别两个不同的条件性刺激;⑵在晚期反转阶段,正常儿童在晚期反转阶段升高了对新的条件性厌恶刺激的主观预期值,辨别了新的条件性刺激,而自闭症儿童在晚期反转阶段对新的条件性厌恶刺激的主观预期值没有显著性变化,无法辨别新的条件性刺激。研究结果表明,5~6岁自闭症儿童反转灵活性存在缺陷。     

儿童2~7岁行为抑制性的发展

采用实验室录像观察对中国儿童的行为抑制性的发展进行了追踪研究(2岁、4岁、7岁)。儿童2岁时,有124名儿童参加了实验室观察。儿童4岁时,由于搬迁、退出或失约,有103名儿童参加。儿童7岁时由于以上原因有100名儿童参加实验室观察。在2岁、4岁、7岁至少参加一次观察的儿童有113名,而在三个时间点都参加观察的儿童有89名。我们对儿童2~7岁行为抑制性整体发展的稳定性以及行为抑制性和非抑制性的发展趋向进行了分析。结果表明,中国儿童从2岁到7岁的行为抑制性的整体发展稳定性较低。从2岁到7岁,行为抑制性-非抑制倾向比较稳定的儿童共28人,占总人数的31.5%。而行为抑制性-非抑制性不稳定的儿童为61人,占总人数的68.5%。随着年龄增长,本研究中的儿童的行为抑制性-非抑制性倾向有向中间型趋中的趋势。从2岁到7岁,行为抑制性的发展变化没有显著性别差异     

抑制控制在类比映射发展中的作用:认知负荷的影响

本研究采用负启动范式,设置不同的认知负荷任务,探究抑制控制在儿童和成人类比映射中的作用。实验一中,31名7岁儿童、33名10岁儿童和34名成人完成高认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,且负启动效应随年龄增长而减小。实验二中,30名7岁儿童、30名10岁儿童和32名成人完成低认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,但负启动效应无显著年龄差异。本研究的结果揭示了抑制控制和认知负荷在类比映射发展中的重要作用。     

听障儿童抑制控制能力特点及其与数学基本能力的关系

采用Flanker实验范式与中国小学生数学基本能力测试量表,以97名听障儿童与97名健听儿童为被试,考察听障儿童抑制控制能力与其数学基本能力的关系。结果发现：（1）听障儿童抑制控制能力水平显著低于健听儿童;（2）听障儿童数学基本能力显著低于健听儿童;（3）听障儿童抑制控制能力与数学基本能力之间相关显著,且抑制控制能力能够预测听障儿童的逻辑思维与空间–视觉能力。     

Unilateral brain lesions in childhood: performance on the Revised Token Test

Comprehension of connected language as assessed by the Revised Token Test (RTT) was studied in 17 children with left hemisphere lesions (LL) and 11 with right hemisphere lesions (RL). LL children's significantly lower performance on several subtests than left controls (LC) matched by age, sex, race, and social class appeared to be related to the memory demands of these subtests rather than the limited syntactic elements assessed by the RTT. LL subjects requested significantly more command repetitions than control or RL subjects and when a repetition was not requested LL subjects often responded with immediacy. Although RL children tended to perform lower than right matched controls (RC), these differences were not significant nor readily related to either the memory or specific linguistic structures assessed. RL subjects required fewer command repetitions than LL subjects and exhibited a significantly greater frequency of immediate responses than controls or LL subjects. While based on few children, a trend for LL children with retrorolandic lesions to perform more poorly than those with left prerolandic lesions was suggested. No systematic difference in performance was apparent for children with left cortical vs. left subcortical lesions or among discrete sites of lesions within the right hemisphere. Children with left lesions prior to 1 year of age performed no better and, in several instances, significantly poorer than LL patients sustaining lesions after 1 year of age. Among RL subjects, those sustaining lesions after 1 year of age had greater difficulty than those with lesion onset before 1 year of age, especially on linguistic elements which seemed to be dependent upon visual spatial properties. Further studies are needed to evaluate the comprehension of more complex linguistic structures among children with unilateral brain lesions as well as to study the role of more basic factors such as memory and attention in explaining the present findings.     

Writing induces a right hemisphere linguistic advantage in dysphonetic dyslexic children: implications for attention and capacity models of laterality

An experiment demonstrated a complete hemispheric processing reversal in 10 male, dysphonetic dyslexic children that occurred during a dichotic listening test of their verbal working memory. Requiring a written response to dichotic digits produced a right hemisphere/left ear superiority in the dysphonetic dyslexics whereas normal subjects and other dyslexics maintained a left hemisphere/right ear advantage. This reversal was unaffected by changes in task difficulty. A second experiment assessed the influence on producing the reversal of concurrent manual interference with left hemisphere verbal processing (responding orally vs. manually) and selective right hemisphere priming (Forward Writing vs. Backward Writing). The dysphonetic children reverted to a strong left hemisphere superiority when recalling the dichotic digits orally. Backward writing produced no ear advantage in either direction. The findings suggest that dysphonetic dyslexia may be related to (1) left hemisphere processing demands that exceed capacity, (2) easily activated right hemisphere processing strategies and (3) failure to coordinate linguistic processing interhemispherically. The results supported a novel hybrid conceptualization of dyslexia consisting of a synthesis of selective activation, and dual processor-limited capacity, theories.     

Cerebral lateralization and general intelligence: gender differences in a transcranial Doppler study

The present study evaluated cerebral lateralization during Raven's progressive matrices (RPM) paradigm in female and male subjects. Bilateral simultaneous transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound was used to measure mean blood flow velocities (MBFV) in the right and left middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) in 24 (15 females and 9 males) right-handed normal subjects. The female subjects used a left hemisphere strategy, while males used a right hemisphere strategy to successfully solve RPM tasks. This implies that general intelligence is associated with neural systems within one hemisphere that are accessible to a variety of cognitive processes.     

Fluency of conversational speech in children with unilateral brain lesions

The spontaneous conversational speech of 20 children with unilateral left hemisphere lesions and 13 with right lesions was compared to normally developing peers matched by age, sex, race, and social class for instances of stuttering type nonfluencies, normal nonfluencies, and rate of speech. Both left and right lesioned children provided quantitatively more and qualitatively different patterns of nonfluencies than their neurologically normal peers. Left and right lesioned children produced more stuttering types of nonfluencies than their controls, but neither lesioned group produced a greater number of normal nonfluencies than controls. Left lesioned children also had a slower rate of speech as measured by number of syllables per second during either stuttered or fluent speech. Considerable variability was observed among lesioned children. Implications for neurogenic theories of developmental fluency disorders are discussed.     

Dichotic word-perception of aphasic and normal subjects.

The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following a left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Auditory dichotic procedures were utilized to investigate the ear-preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal control Ss. An oral-response task and a pointing-response task were given. Statistical analyses showed a significant left-ear preference for aphasic Ss who were more than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult; however, Ss less than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult did not demonstrate a significant ear-preference under auditory dichotic stimulation. In contrast, a significant right-ear preference was noted for the normal controls. Significant differences were not shown for the aphasic or control groups on the oral and pointing tasks.     

Spatial grouping activity in young children with congenital right or left hemisphere brain injury

Spatial grouping abilities were examined in 20 preschool-aged children with right or left hemisphere congenital focal brain injury, and a group of age-matched normal control children. Children were presented with a series of spontaneous grouping tasks in which they were given small sets of blocks and asked to play with them. Although the children with focal brain injury played as actively with the blocks as normal children, the constructions they produced differed systematically. Across eight measures of spatial grouping both children with right and left hemisphere injury were delayed compared to normal children. In addition, the behavioral profiles for the two groups of children with focal brain injury were qualitatively different. Data for the children with RH injury suggested difficulty organizing objects into coherent spatial groupings, while data from the children with LH injury suggested difficulty with local relations within the spatial arrays. These findings are consistent with data reported for adults on spatial construction tasks. Developmental trajectories in the 3- to 4-year age period suggest, further, that the spatial integrative deficits observed in the children with RH injury are persistent. When the children began to produce spatial constructions using complex grouping procedures, those constructions were heaps or disordered clusters. In contrast, when children with LH injury began to use complex procedures, they generated the types of constructions usually associated with those procedures in normal children, e.g., arches, enclosures, and symmetries. These data were found within a cross-sectional study of 20 children and confirmed in a series of six longitudinal case study reports of three children with RH and three with LH injury. The data confirm our previous reports of spatial integrative deficit associated with early RH injury and present the first indication of spatial encoding deficits in children with LH injury.     

An investigation of bilateral asymmetries in electrodermal activity

Research in cerebral laterality supports the idea that functional differences between the left and right hemispheres exist with respect to cognitive style and perceptual ability. Related research, which has examined autonomic nervous system (ANS) correlates of cerebral laterality, suggests that a component of the ANS, electrodermal activity (EDA), is also lateralized. Some findings in the literature report the occurrence of bilateral asymmetries in phasic and tonic EDA as a function of a left or right hemisphere preference for information processing. This experiment used normal male subjects who were either left or right movers in a test of Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement (CLEM). This selection procedure served to maximize a subject’s preference for either a right or left hemisphere mode of information processing. Bilateral EDA was recorded continuously while subjects performed a visual recognition task using word (left hemisphere) and shape (right hemisphere) stimuli. The data do not support the contention that performance on a procedure chosen to selectively activate a given hemisphere elicits asymmetric tonic and/or phasic EDA. The results show no significant difference in the frequency of elicited skin conductance responses under either of the experimental conditions. Bilateral tonic EDA rose continuously over time and did not vary in either hand as a function of task. The present results fail to offer support for either of the hypotheses which argue for I) increased contralateralexcitation with selective hemispheric activation, or 2) increased contralateralinhibition of the EDR with hemispheric arousal.     

Event-related brain potentials differentiate normal and disabled readers

Auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) recorded to irrelevant tone pairs while subjects performed visual, reading-related cognitive tasks differed significantly between normal and disabled readers. Disabled readers as compared with normal readers showed significantly lower amplitude right hemisphere AERP responses during tasks that involved visual-phonemic transfer of information and simple pattern recognition. Disabled readers as compared with normal readers also showed significantly higher amplitude left hemisphere responses during the visual-phonemic task. In both experimental conditions the reading-disabled subjects showed significantly lower amplitude right than left hemisphere AERP responses. Task-related strategies did not differ between groups. The pattern of AERP amplitude asymmetry found for disabled readers, which was opposite to that found for normal readers, suggests that the same reading-related tasks activated different cerebral processes in the two groups studied.     

Hemispheric processing differences revealed by differential conditioning and reaction time performance.

Two different experimental procedures were used to examine (a) information-processing differences between two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) identified by the form of their conditioned eyeblinks; (b) information-processing differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres; and (c) parallels between hypothesized C-V differences and right-left hemisphere differences. In the first experiment, the evocative command words BLINK and DON'T BLINK served as positive and negative conditioned stimuli. It was found that Vs gave more conditioned eyeblinks than Cs and that differential eyelid conditioning of Vs more than Cs was influenced by the semantic content of the stimuli. More importantly, the conditioning performance of Cs was more influenced by the semantic attributes of the stimuli when they were presented directly to the right visual field (left hemisphere) than when they were presented directly to the left visual field (right hemisphere). In contrast, the conditioning performance of Vs was equally influenced by the semantic attributes regardless of which hemisphere received direct stimulation. A second experiment was designed to determine whether such hemisphere-of-presentation differences for Cs versus Vs could also be obtained in a very different task. Subjects classified as Cs or Vs during a differential eyelid conditioning task then performed two same-different reaction time (RT) tasks that required discrimination of complex polygons in one case and the names of letters in another. On each RT trial both stimuli of a pair appeared briefly either in the center, left, or right visual field. For both Cs and Vs RTs to complex polygon pairs averaged 20 msec faster on left visual field trials than on right visual field trials, consistent with current hypotheses about right-hemisphere specialization for visuospatial processing. In contrast, the results for letter pairs generally confirmed the C-V differences found in Experiment 1. That is, the right visual field (left-hemisphere) advantage for these verbal stimuli was once again larger for Cs than for Vs. The present results suggest that the two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) differ qualitatively in the modes of information processing that they typically employ. The results also suggest that these different modes of processing are related to aspects of cerebral hemisphere organization and that even right-handed individuals may differ from each other in the extent to which each cerebral hemisphere is mobilized for a given experimental task. Such individual differences must be incorporated into both models of classical eyelid conditioning and models of cerebral hemisphere specialization.     

Separate brain potential characteristics in children with reading disability and attention deficit disorder: color and letter relevance effects

This experiment was on event-related potential (ERP) indicants of the selective neural processing of black vs. white and letter vs. nonletter stimuli in boys (8-12 years of age) with and without a reading disability (RD) and/or attentional deficit disorder (ADD). Selective neural processing was measured by the increase or difference in ERP amplitude in response to stimuli that were relevant as compared to irrelevant to the color or letter attention task. The 52 children that participated in the study constituted four groups: 25 normal reading children (17 without ADD and 8 with ADD), and 27 RD children (11 without ADD and 16 with ADD). ERPs were recorded over the left and right occipital, central, and frontal regions. Selective neural processing due to stimulus relevance was reduced in boys with RD as compared to normal readers. This reduced selectivity was indicated by a predominantly symmetrical reduction in the magnitude of a positive difference potential over the central regions, between 300 and 360 msec, and then by a left greater than right hemisphere reduction in the magnitude of a positive difference potential over the occipital regions, at about 400 msec. Task relevance increased the within-subject and condition variability of this occipital positive component and this effect was greater for boys without than with RD, particularly over the left hemisphere. Selective neural processing due to stimulus relevance was greater in boys with ADD as compared to those without ADD. This was indicated by an increase in the magnitude of a positive difference potential between 320 and 400 msec over the central and frontal regions and a slow, late, negative difference potential between 600 and 800 msec over the central and occipital regions. These ADD effects tended to be greater over the right than left hemisphere. The unique polarity, scalp distribution, and time course of the effects of RD as compared to ADD on ERPs to relevant stimuli clearly indicated these two disorders, in part, involve different underlying brain deficits.