情绪应激对不同脑区c-fos表达的影响

利用电击信号和空瓶刺激两种情绪应激体液免疫调节作用动物模型,以c-fos原癌基因为探针,观察情绪应激后2个小时,大鼠全脑的c—fos原癌基因表达情况,探讨情绪应激对不同脑区c—fos表达的影响。结果表明,电击信号和空瓶刺激两种情绪应激源均能引起某些脑区或核团的c—fos蛋白表达明显增加,包括额皮质、扣带皮质、杏仁内侧核、前连合核、下丘脑背内侧核弥散部、弓状核、孤束核。结果提示,这些脑区或核团是情绪应激主要激活的中枢部位。     

电击信号应激对大鼠体液免疫及内分泌功能的影响

研究了足电击及以电击装置为信号刺激所诱发的情绪应激对大鼠原发性体液免疫反应及内分泌的影响。 结果表明每天１０分钟,共６天的足电击对大鼠抗特异性抗原ＯＶＡ的原发性体液免疫反应无明显作用,而此电击作 用结合每天１０分钟,共８天的情绪应激则可显著降低大鼠体液免疫反应及脾脏指数。同时该应激可显著提高大鼠 血儿茶酚胶和皮质酮水平。该研究证明了情绪应激对大鼠体液免疫功能的调节作用,并对交感神经系统和下丘脑－ 垂体－肾上腺（ＨＰＡ）轴在其中所起的作用进行了初步探讨。     

中枢白细胞介素一1在应激升压反应中的作用

分别在乌拉坦麻醉及清醒的雄性SD大鼠观察到(1)脑室注射IL-1β出现升压效应,(2)条件恐惧应激刺激、足电击及脑室注射IL-1β诱发的升压反应均被脑室注射0.5μg的白细胞介素-1拮抗剂IL-1ra明显衰减;(3)静脉注射0.5μgIL-1ra对足电击引起的升压反应无明显影响.以上结果提示中枢IL-1介导条件恐惧应激刺激、及足电击诱发的升压反应.     

中枢白细胞介素-1在应激升压反应中的作用

分别在乌拉坦麻醉及清醒的雄性SD大鼠观察到：(1)脑室注射IL-113出现升压效应,(2)条件恐惧应激刺激、足电击及脑室注射IL-1β诱发的升压反应均被脑室注射0．5pg的白细胞介素-1拮抗剂IL-1ra明显衰减;(3)静脉注射0．5μgIL-1ra对足电击引起的升压反应无明显影响。以上结果提示中枢IL-1介导条件恐惧应激刺激、及足电击诱发的升压反应。     

急性心理应激对不同人格类型大学生TNF-α和IL-6的影响

以56名大学生为研究对象,用艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）进行测试,用公共演讲作为应激源,用放射免疫法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）的含量,旨在探讨急性心理应激对不同人格类型大学生免疫功能的影响。实验结果发现：与对照组相比,急性心理应激后内向组和情绪稳定组TNF-α的明显升高,其余变化均不显著。这说明急性心理应激引起内向、情绪稳定的个体自然免疫增强的现象较明显,而对外向、情绪不稳定个体的作用不明显。     

慢性应激对大鼠行为和免疫细胞热休克蛋白70表达的影响

目的：研究慢性不确定应激对大鼠急性整体热水浴后外周血和脾脏免疫细胞热休克蛋白70（Heat shock protein 70, HSP70）表达的影响。方法：随机将大鼠分成慢性应激组和控制组（每组14只）。通过4周的慢性不确定性应激诱发实验组大鼠明显的抑郁行为,此期间控制组大鼠正常饲养。随后给予大鼠42度整体热水浴刺激,维持直肠温度41度25min。热刺激后6h,采用流式细胞仪测定大鼠外周血和脾脏免疫细胞HSP70 水平。结果：与控制组大鼠相比,慢性应激大鼠在急性热刺激后HSP70合成明显减少。控制组大鼠的所有被检测的免疫细胞热应激后HSP70合成均明显增加。相反,慢性应激大鼠仅在外周血的单核细胞和粒细胞检测到HSP70合成增加,同时升高的水平明显低于控制组大鼠。结论：慢性应激降低大鼠免疫细胞HSP70的热诱导反应,提示HSP70保护性作用减弱可能参与了慢性应激损害免疫细胞功能的生物学过程     

急性生理应激对大鼠的行为及脑神经颗粒素磷酸化水平的影响

突触特异性蛋白质在应激所致行为效应的中枢机制中的可能角色日益受到关注。神经颗粒素（Neurogranin,NG）是一种新发现的突触特异性蛋白质,主要分布在前额叶、杏仁核和海马区域,参与突触结构和功能可塑性机制,可能涉及到应激所致行为效应中枢机制。但是,关于NG、应激和行为之间的关系国内外尚缺乏系统的研究报道。本研究主要是探讨急性生理应激对大鼠行为和NG的作用,以及NG的变化与应激性行为效应之间的相互关系。以急性强迫性冷水游泳应激,建立生理应激动物模型。将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为游泳应激组1（SS1,接受游泳应激和行为测试）、游泳应激组2（SS2,接受游泳应激而不接受行为测试）、正常对照组1（C1,接受行为测试）和正常对照组（C2,不给予任何处理）（n=10）。以旷场行为和高架十字迷宫任务来评定大鼠应激后的行为变化,Western blotting方法测定海马和前脑皮层中的NG含量和磷酸化水平。结果表明：应激后SS1组的呆滞行为增加,与C1组比较,差异有显著性, P<0.01; SS1组海马的NG含量和NG磷酸化水平增高,与C1和C2组相比,差异有显著性,均为P<0.05; SS1组皮层的NG含量增高,与C1和C2组相比,差异有显著性,均为P<0.01;SS1组皮层的NG磷酸化水平增高,与C1组相比,差异具有显著性,P<0.01;前脑皮层的NG磷酸化水平与呆滞行为之间的相关达显著水平。提示该应激源能诱发动物明显的恐惧反应,呆滞行为是反映急性生理应激导致行为障碍的敏感的行为学指标,海马和前脑皮层均是对急性生理应激反应敏感的脑区。NG的磷酸化水平可能是反映急性生理应激所致行为障碍的一项新的生物学指标     

群体隔离对大白鼠行为的影响及其与脑内单胺类神经介质含量的关系

观察表明,群体隔离(10—12周)的大白鼠,在开阔地方的自由活动和杀小鼠行为方面没受到明显影响,但隔离鼠在电击后格斗行为明显地增加了。隔离鼠脑内单胺类种经介质的含量无明显改变。在电击格斗后群居组和隔离组脑内DA含量均明显降低。群居组鼠端脑内NE含量增高,脑干内5-HIAA含量降低,但隔离组无上述改变。隔离鼠在注利血平、电击后格斗行为明显减少。对上述现象进行了讨论。     

公安民警的创伤后应激症状对执行功能的影响—基于Stroop范式的探究

公安民警常常身临应激和危险情境中,是创伤事件的易感人群,但其创伤后应激症状对执行功能的影响研究尚且缺乏。已有研究发现,具有创伤后应激症状的个体的执行功能存在缺陷,表现在对冲突信息的抑制能力受损以及对创伤相关信息的注意偏向和情绪唤起。本研究以公安民警为实验组被试,据其创伤后应激症状分为高低两组,在校大学生为对照组被试,采用Stroop范式探究创伤后应激症状对公安民警“冷”、“热”执行功能的影响。结果表明,具有创伤后应激症状的公安民警在“冷”、“热”执行功能上不存在缺陷,但仍在一定程度上受到创伤后应激症状的影响。启示对具有创伤后应激症状的公安民警进行干预时,应关注其症状的严重程度,在“热”执行功能上寻求更有效的干预方式。     

心理应激对青少年运动员T淋巴细胞亚群及IgG、IgA、IgM的影响

目的揭示心理应激对不同性别、训练年限以及不同焦虑特质的青少年射击运动员免疫功能的影响。方法用特质一状态焦虑量表(STAI)测定运动员的状态及特质焦虑;用比浊法测定免疫球蛋白G、A、M的含量;用免疫组化法测定T淋巴细胞亚群的数量。结果①心理应激后IgM的含量显示性别差异,女运动员的IgM浓度高于男运动员。②心理应激后表现为训练年限少的运动员TCD4^ 细胞数量明显少于训练年限长的运动员。③心理应激后表现为高低状态焦虑组运动员IgA含量差异,高焦虑组IgA浓度明显低于低焦虑组．心理应激后高低特质焦虑组之间没有表现出显著性差异。结论男运动员、训练年限少及高状态焦虑青少年运动员心理应激后免疫抑制现象更严重,这是HPA轴及HPG轴等共同作用的结果。     

心理应激的免疫抑制作用及其与神经内分泌反应的相关性

以给予经定时喂水训练大鼠空瓶刺激为情绪性心理应激源,研究了此情绪应激对大鼠特异性原发体液免疫反应的影响及其可能的作用机制。结果表明每次10分钟,共14次的情绪应激显著降低大鼠抗特异性抗原OVA的抗体水平及脾脏指数,而显著增高血肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质酮水平。研究还发现去甲肾上腺素与抗特异性抗原OVA的抗体水平呈显著负相关。该研究证实了情绪性心理应激对大鼠体液免疫功能的抑制作用,并提示交感神经系统可能参与了此免疫调节作用。     

Effects of laboratory-induced controllable and uncontrollable stress on Rorschach variables m and Y.

The research literature regarding stress and the Rorschach has frequently produced contradictory results. A possible explanation for the lack of consensus may be that past research has failed to consider the nature of the stressor. A potentially important dimension is whether the stressor is perceived as controllable or uncontrollable, particularly because these two types of stressors invoke distinctive sets of biobehavioral reactions. We examined the effects of experimentally induced uncontrollable and controllable stress on m and Y Rorschach responses. Uncontrollable laboratory stress was associated with an increase in both m and Y variants, whereas controllable laboratory stress was associated with an increase only in m. Potential implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

情绪应激体液免疫调节作用的影响因素

以给予经定时喂水训练大鼠空瓶刺激为情绪性心理直激源,研究了应激源给予的频率及抗原免疫前或后给予应激刺激等因素对此情绪应激体液免疫调节作用的影响：结果表明,特异性抗原OVA免疫前3次,每次30分钟的情绪应激刺激不影响大鼠的抗OVA抗体水平和脾脏指数;抗原免疫后,同样频率和持续时间的情绪应激能一定程度地降低体液免疫功能;而抗原免疫后14次,每次10分钟的情绪应激刺激则显著降低大鼠的抗OVA抗体水平和脾脏指数。该研究证实,抗原免疫后、反复多次的情绪应激刺激能显著抑制大鼠的原发性体液免疫功能。     

Intrinsic religiousness and religious coping as life stress moderators for Catholics versus Protestants

Two prospective studies were conducted to test the stress-moderating effects of intrinsic religiousness and overall religious coping on the depression and trait anxiety of Catholic and Protestant college students. Both studies found a significant cross-sectional interaction between controllable life stress and religious coping in the prediction of Catholics' depression, with religious coping serving a protective function at a high level of controllable negative events. Both studies also found a significant prospective interaction between uncontrollable life stress and intrinsic religiousness in the prediction of Protestants' depression; the relationship between uncontrollable stress and depression was positive for low intrinsic Protestants, flat for medium intrinsic Protestants, but negative for high intrinsic Protestants. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of religion in life stress adjustment.     

Decision making under stress: scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats

This study tested the proposition that deficient decision making under stress is due, to a significant extent, to the individual's failure to fulfill adequately an elementary requirement of the decision-making process, that is, the systematic consideration of all relevant alternatives. One hundred one undergraduate students (59 women and 42 men), aged 20-40, served as subjects in this experiment. They were requested to solve decision problems, using an interactive computer paradigm, while being exposed to controllable stress, uncontrollable stress, or no stress at all. There was no time constraint for the performance of the task. The controllability of the stressor was found to have no effect on the participants' performance. However, those who were exposed to either controllable or uncontrollable stress showed a significantly stronger tendency to offer solutions before all available alternatives had been considered and to scan their alternatives in a nonsystematic fashion than did participants who were not exposed to stress. In addition, patterns of alternative scanning were found to be correlated with the correctness of solutions to decision problems.     

Interference with judgments of control and attentional shift as a result of prior exposure to controllable and uncontrollable feedback

The experiment was carried out to determine whether exposure to an uncontrollable relationship between an action and its outcome during a non-aversive pretreatment phase would affect subsequent ratings of perceived control emitted by human participants. Its other aim was to investigate the effect of such pre-exposure on the attentional focus of humans on internal and external cues. Participants were assigned to one of three groups; an uncontrollable pretreatment, a controllable pretreatment, and no pretreatment. Participants exposed to uncontrollable outcomes (unsolvable problems) gave lower ratings of control over a produced outcome than the other two groups, indicating the interference with subsequent judgments of control. The exposure to uncontrollable outcomes also increased levels of distraction produced by an external cue in a reaction time experiment. Such an effect was not found in the groups who had not been exposed to uncontrollable outcomes. These dual effects are similar to those noted in non-humans subjected to uncontrollable outcomes.     

An attributional analysis of excuse giving: studies of a naive theory of emotion

We conducted four studies that pertained to excuses given for a broken social contract. In an initial field investigation, participants recalled occasions in which they had given true and false reasons for not fulfilling a social obligation. Communicated reasons tended to be external to the person, uncontrollable, and unintentional (e.g., "My car broke down"), whereas withheld reasons tended to be internal, controllable, and either intentional (e.g., "I did not want to go") or unintentional (e.g., "I forgot"). The external uncontrollable excuses were anticipated to lessen the anger of the wronged party. In a subsequent simulation study, excuses based on the categories detected in Experiment 1 were manipulated and related to anger ratings. The same pattern of results was displayed, with intent and negligence provoking the highest anger ratings. The final two studies involved laboratory manipulation of a communicated reason for coming late to an experiment. In Experiment 3, a confederate conveyed either an internal controllable, an external uncontrollable, or no reason for making a subject wait, whereas in Experiment 4, subjects were detained and created their own good, bad, any, or no excuse for being tardy, which was communicated to a second, waiting subject. A consistent pattern of good excuse/external uncontrollable reason and bad excuse/internal controllable reason was displayed; offering no excuse resulted in the same judgments as giving a poor excuse. Relative to the external uncontrollable reasons, internal controllable excuses for being late augmented aversive emotional reactions, increased negative personality ratings, and resulted in a desire for no further social contact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

中学生成就动机的发展特点研究

本研究用量表法对652名中学生的成就动机从四个角度进行研究,结果表明,随着年级的上升,成就归因、自主性动机、自我效能、成就目标基本保持平稳的发展趋势,但在不同的维度上,其发展变化趋势和水平各有不同,所起的作用也不同,自我效能与掌握目标是中学生的主要学习动力。