建议采纳的认知机制

决策者的认知特点, 以及决策过程中建议者,任务特征,环境因素等都会影响决策者的认知加工, 并最终影响建议采纳.目前建议采纳过程中的认知研究主要集中于决策者方面, 本文通过总结以往研究, 从决策者的认知风格,社会认知复杂性,认知策略以及情绪对认知的影响等四个方面, 系统阐述了认知对建议采纳的影响.同时, 结合态度改变理论,解释水平理论,具身认知理论以及认知失调理论等进一步讨论了建议采纳的认知发生机制, 并在此基础上初步构建了建议采纳认知机制模型.未来研究可进一步探讨决策者的认知灵活性,认知闭合需要等对建议采纳的影响, 以及建议提出的认知机制, 以丰富建议采纳领域研究.     

抑郁症认知治疗理论及实践进展

认知治疗分化为认知行为与认知分析治疗两个流派。抑郁的贝克认知模型、归因模型、自我价值关联模型以及抑郁的注意过程等认知理论为认知治疗奠定了基础。认知行为治疗、认知行为分析系统心理治疗以及基于冥想的认知治疗等已经在实践中被较有力的临床证据检验。认知治疗在抑郁症的治疗中已显示出广泛的应用前景。     

认知操作、认知方式与外倾性人格特质的关系

对28名外倾被试和28名内倾被试进行实验性认知测试,以考察认知操作、认知方式与外倾性人格特质的关系。结果表明,内外倾被试在含有社会认知操作、非社会认知操作的认知任务的测试总分上没有差异,而在社会认知一非社会认知方式的评价分数上存在显著差异。外倾被试更多地倾向于社会认知型认知方式,内倾被试更多地倾向于非社会认知型认知方式。研究结果支持了外倾性与智力关系的假设：外倾性与社会认知一非社会认知的认知方式存在相关关系,而与认知操作测试总分无关。     

小学儿童情绪认知发展研究

本研究采用故事情境法探究小学儿童情绪认知的发展。随机抽取60名小学儿童（2、4、6年级各20名）,研究他们对五种不同的情绪状态识别、情绪原因认知、情绪外在行为表现认知以及对情绪后继调节方式的认知发展特点。结果发现：总体而言,情绪认知在小学不同年级有明显发展;基本情绪认知最好,其次是积极自我意识情绪认知和冲突情绪认知,对消极自我意识情绪的认知最差;情绪识别和情绪原因认知明显好于情绪行为认知和情绪调节认知;对情绪表现者的情绪认知明显好于对情绪接受者的情绪认知。     

认知风格、认知操作对智力水平个体差异的影响机制

该研究以探查不同智力水平群体的认知风格是否不同以及认知风格对智力个体差异的影响机制为目的,在256名14～15岁被试的韦氏智力测验和认知风格测量基础上,通过比较不同智商水平组的认知风格、观察认知风格与智商分数之间的相关、比较控制与未控制认知风格下认知操作与智商分数相关变化;结果发现不同智商群体各自的主导性认知风格迥异,控制认知风格下认知操作与智力水平之间相关显著降低;这说明认知风格以潜在、稳定的组织方式影响着认知操作,继而影响智力水平,认知操作相比于认知风格对智力个体差异的影响更为强大、直接。     

认知储备的测量及其在认知老化中的应用

认知储备是指个体自适应利用神经网络对不断增加的脑损伤进行补偿的能力, 它能显著影响个体的生理功能、认知功能和行为结果。当前有关认知储备的研究主要集中在认知储备的测量及其在认知老化研究中的应用方面。现有研究尽管已在认知储备的测量及其与认知老化的关系上取得越来越多的共识, 但在诸如认知储备测量的标准化、认知储备与认知衰退率、认知储备与脑病理的关系等问题上还存在较大争议。未来研究除应进一步标准化对认知储备的测量, 进而探讨认知储备的病理机制, 还应关注认知储备对老化的干预研究。     

认知负荷理论在临床诊疗中的应用探讨

认知负荷理论是近年来迅速发展起来的用于解释认知资源分配的心理学理论。临床诊疗工作本质上是医生对患者的病情信息认知加工并进行决策的过程。医生的认知负荷情况决定着医生认知加工的效率,认知加工效率决定了医生的工作效率。提高医生的认知加工效率可以通过对诊疗任务分配的调整,使诊疗任务产生的内在认知负荷与医生所能承受的认知负荷相适应,减少外在认知负荷,增加相关认知负荷三个方面来实现,从而可以提高诊疗的质量和效率,引导医生认知资源的合理分配。     

抑郁症认知治疗理论及实践进展

认知治疗分化为认知行为与认知分析治疗两个流派.抑郁的贝克认知模型、归因模型、自我价值关联模型以及抑郁的注意过程等认知理论为认知治疗奠定了基础.认知行为治疗、认知行为分析系统心理治疗以及基于冥想的认知治疗等已经在实践中被较有力的临床证据检验.认知治疗在抑郁症的治疗中已显示出广泛的应用前景.     

认知科学视域下的归纳逻辑研究述评

在认知价值的引导和认知科学方法论的昭示下,归纳逻辑已经完成了从面向定性认知和定量认知到面向不足认知和复杂认知的转型。但是,认知价值始终是归纳逻辑不变的取向。古典归纳逻辑中的诸多逻辑方法以推进人们的认知为己任,而现代归纳逻辑更是一开始就直接期望建立满足定量认知需要的完善体系。面向不足认知和复杂认知的归纳逻辑研究,不仅是人类认知需要的深入拓展,更是归纳逻辑必然的发展方向。逻辑学不仅在认知召唤下走得更远,而且对于归纳逻辑而言,进一步发展的动力和方向都可能是认知。     

关于认知失调理论的几点思考

作为认知一致性理论中的一种,本文着重介绍了认知失调理论的基本原理、认知失调理论与社会支持之间的关系这两个方面的内容,并从认知失调理论与归因理论、认知失调理论与角色冲突理论、认知失调理论的缺陷这三个方面对认知失调理论进行了评述.     

加工速度和工作记忆在认知年老化过程中的作用

研究加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中的作用。被试为20-90岁的健康成人1350名,完成加工速度、工作记忆及一组认知能力测验,应用分层回归分析方法考查在年老化过程中加工速度和工作记忆对多项认知变量的作用量。结果表明,在年老化过程中,加工速度和工作记忆对认知变量的作用量分别约为87% 和76%;二者的综合作用量约为94%。说明加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中起决定作用     

Contents Index Volume 8

In a group of 62 young and 75 older subjects, LISREL models were used to predict ordered list recall from age category, self-reported strategy use and selected cognitive abilities. It was found that: (a) age differences in the strategies of associating and repetition/testing were completely explained by speed of mental processing and associative memory; (b) only these two age-related strategies were efficacious strategies, the one not age-related strategy (concentrating) was not; (c) a large proportion of the age-related variance in list recall performance was mediated by speed and associative memory; and (d) this influence of speed and associative memory on ordered list recall was partly mediated by strategies. These results support a moderate version of the production deficiency explanation of memory aging, in which age differences in efficacious strategy use are explained by age differences in basic cognitive abilities.     

The interactive effects of age,education, and BMI on cognitive functioning

We examined the moderating effects of age and cognitive reserve on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and processing speed, executive function, and working memory based on the literature suggesting that obese individuals perform more poorly on measures of these abilities. Fifty-six healthy, dementia-free community-dwelling older (mean age 65.72 ± 7.40) and younger (mean age 21.10 ± 2.33) adults completed a neuropsychological battery and reported height and weight. Mixed effects models were used to evaluate the interactive effects of age, education (a proxy for cognitive reserve), and BMI on cognitive scores. Higher education was protective for executive deficits in younger, but not older adults. Age differences in executive functions were reduced at higher education levels but increased in individuals with higher BMI. Results suggest the inter-relationships between cognitive reserve – as measured by education – and BMI differ across age, and that obesity may accelerate the cognitive aging process.     

增龄性记忆改变规律及影响因素的研究

本研究用多维记忆量表对280名50～91岁的老年人做了测查,同时收集了一般资料,以探讨增龄性记忆改变的规律和年龄、教育和职业等因素对增龄性记忆改变的影响。结果表明：随年龄增长,各记忆组合分和分测验成绩均呈下降趋势,外显记忆成绩在70岁后呈快速下降,内隐记忆和日常生活记忆在75岁后才有明显下降;记忆总分、外显记忆和日常生活记忆均受年龄和教育的影响,内隐记忆不受教育的影响。结果提示老年人记忆随年龄增长呈渐渐下降,不同记忆功能开始下降的年龄和下降速率不同,教育对增龄性记忆改变有保护作用。     

Age changes in processing speed as a leading indicator of cognitive aging

Bivariate dual change score models were applied to longitudinal data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging to compare the dynamic predictions of 2-component theories of intelligence and the processing speed theory of cognitive aging. Data from up to 5 measurement occasions covering a 16-year period were available from 806 participants ranging in age from 50 to 88 years at the first measurement wave. Factors were generated to tap 4 general cognitive domains: verbal ability, spatial ability, memory, and processing speed. Model fitting indicated no dynamic relationship between verbal and spatial factors, providing no support for the hypothesis that age changes in fluid abilities drive age changes in crystallized abilities. The results suggest that, as predicted by the processing speed theory of cognitive aging, processing speed is a leading indicator of age changes in memory and spatial ability, but not verbal ability.     

基本心理能力老化的认知机制

基本心理能力老化机制是认知老化领域研究热点之一。横断研究与追踪研究表明, 感觉功能、加工速度、工作记忆等信息加工资源的衰退导致了基本心理能力的衰退。但由于相关研究不能进行因果推论, 基本心理能力老化的认知机制尚存在争论。因此本项目拟采用实验室研究和干预实验设计, 通过操纵感觉功能(知觉压力水平)、干预加工速度与工作记忆, 考察基本心理能力的年龄差异的变化, 以期为认知老化理论的深化和拓展提供实验依据。     

Genetic Mediation of the Associations Among Motor and Perceptual Speed and Adult Cognitive Abilities

Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted to determine the genetic mediation of the associations among motor speed, perceptual speed, and cognitive abilities in normal aging. Measures of motor performance, perceptual speed, and cognitive functioning in four domains (crystallized, fluid, spatial, and memory) were available from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. The sample included 206 twin pairs ranging in age from 44 to 82 years. A Motor Speed factor was constructed from 17 timed measures of motor performance. Heritability of Motor Speed was .26 in middle-aged twins and .00 in older twins. Results indicated that genetic variance in cognitive functioning in the middle-aged cohort may be defined by working memory, whereas genetic variance in the older cohort was defined by perceptual speed. Indications of a nonshared environmental component in the association among motor speed, perceptual speed, and spatial abilities suggest possible frontal lobe involvement.     

基本心理能力老化的中介变量

从整合思路,针对认知老化的四个中介变量建立基本心理能力老化的结构方程模型。样本来自北京三个社区的217位60-85岁的老人。采用计算机化的任务测查五项基本心理能力和加工资源的各项指标。结果表明：(1)感觉功能、加工速度和加工容量是基本心理能力老化的重要中介变量;(2)基本心理能力老化的中介作用表现出层次性。感觉功能是最基础的一层中介作用,它通过加工速度和加工容量间接调节基本心理能力的老化;加工速度对基本心理能力老化的作用受感觉功能的影响,同时也通过加工容量对基本心理能力的老化起作用;加工容量在基本心理能力老化的中介模型中直接与基本心理能力产生联系,但是其61％的变异来自感觉功能和加工速度;(3)负启动测验与颜色词启动测验不能共同表达加工抑制,以颜色词启动值作为观测指标的加工抑制不能进入基本心理能力老化的中介模型。     

认知年老化和老年心理健康

认知功能和心理健康是健康老龄化的两个基本要素。认知功能随年老而加速减退,其机制的探讨表明,加工速度、工作记忆和执行功能在认知年老过程中均起重要的中介作用。大多数老年人的心理健康状况较好、生活满意度较高,其心态随年龄的增高而更趋于平静满足,但独居和绝对空巢老人的某些心理健康问题不容忽视。认知年老化过程和老年人的心理健康状况分别受诸多因素的影响,研究结果为延缓认知功能的年老减退和保持老年人的心理健康,以及实现健康老龄化和积极老龄化提供了有益的启示     

Unraveling the Aging Skein: Disentangling Sensory and Cognitive Predictors of Age‐related Differences in Decision Making

Age‐related differences in sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory have been identified as three significant predictors of the age‐related performance decline observed in complex cognitive tasks. Yet, the assessment of their relative predictive capacity and interrelations is still an open issue in decision making and cognitive aging research. Indeed, no previous investigation has examined the relationships of all these three predictors with decision making. In an individual‐differences study, we therefore disentangled the relative contribution of sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory to the prediction of the age‐related decline in cognitively demanding judgment and decision‐making tasks. Structural equation modeling showed that the age‐related decline in working memory plays an important predictive role, even when controlling for sensory functioning, processing speed, and education. Implications for research on decision making and cognitive aging are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.