柏拉图《理想国》中的正义观辨正

一、关于《理想国》中正义论证的争论关于《理想国》中的正义问题以及柏拉图和苏格拉底对此的论证,西方学术界一直存在着争议。早在1937年《心灵》杂志第183期上,福斯特(M.B.Foster)教授就发表了一篇题为"柏拉图《理想国》中的一个错误"的论文,对柏拉图笔下的苏格拉底与其对手之间关于正义的讨论进行了批判。他认为,《理想国》第二卷开篇中格劳孔关于善的三重区分是十分重要的,通过这种区分要求苏     

柏拉图的人类动机理论

众所周知,柏拉图在《理想国》中提出一个理论:灵魂具有三个独立的部分(理性、激情和欲望)。他运用这个理论来阐释人类德性。灵魂三个部分中的每一个都在人类生活中发挥着特殊的作用。对我们来说,德性就在于每个部分充分发挥各自的作用并且相互协调。因此,据《理想国》而言,人类德性作为一个整体,是三个独立的心理要素之间复杂的相互关系,其中每一个要素都有它不可或缺的作用。     

德性与情感秩序——论柏拉图《法义》中的公民教育

《理想国》本身所讨论问题的重点在于知识理念为正义生活奠基,并使道德教育呈现为去情感化倾向,但其提到过的"公民德性"的讨论一直没有再提上日程;在《法义》中,柏拉图系统性地讨论公民教育的目标为道德教育,并对其进行详细定义,其主要原理在于通过使心灵中的情感秩序化,一方面控制情感,另一方面培养与正确信念相和谐的情感,从而产生公民德性.     

道德需要形而上学吗——对《理想国》的一种探讨

道德与形而上学的关系问题近来日渐受到关注。具体到柏拉图哲学,通常认为柏拉图在 《理想国》中阐释了以理念论为基础的道德观念。对柏拉图的《理想国》在方法论上进行剖 析可见柏拉图对两者关系思考的丰富性。《理想国》对道德与形而上学关系的讨论可以被划 分为三条进路:无需形而上学的道德观;基于经验的道德观;基于形而上学的道德观。其中 基于经验的道德观最为研究者们所忽视,在柏拉图那里道德既可以植根于形而上学,又可以 基于经验。     

理想国

《理想国》(或译《共和国》、《国家篇》等)这部著作大约完成于公元前三七七年,是柏拉图伦理及哲学、政治思想的代表作。 《理想国》的主题是讨论如何建立一个理想的国家。全书共分十章。它开篇便讨论什么是“公正”,结论是大家各做各的事,也就是说,如果全     

《理想国》只是一部政治哲学著作吗?——对于成官泯教授的一种回应

《理想国》是一部关于什么的著作,一直是柏拉图思想研究界争论的焦点。本文基于对《理想国》题目、内容和国内外众家之言的考察,反对施特劳斯及其追随者的仅把它定性为政治或政治哲学著作来加以研究的视角,而是主张:(1)《理想国》主要处理的不是,也不仅仅是,政治学或政治哲学关心的涉及国家学说、政治理论、政治制度和政治思想史以及人与社会应当有怎样的关系问题,而是着重讨论了幸福论框架下的道德哲学(或伦理学)长期关注的一个人应该过怎样的生活以及人为什么要有道德的基本问题;(2)《理想国》不只是一部政治哲学著作,并且不主要是一部政治哲学著作,而是一部道德哲学著作或一部反政治的著作。     

哲学与诗歌为何而争

柏拉图的《理想国》称得上是西方诗化哲学的范本。在这里 ,哲学的理念与诗意的流动 ,通过鲜活而古雅的对话形式 ,巧妙地融合在一起。结果 ,一方面拓展了哲学思辨的诗意空间 ,一方面提升了诗性智慧的理论维度 ,从而使《理想国》成为一部常读常新的经典之作。其实 ,这其中所涉及的原因很多 ,但我总认为在西方哲学与诗歌之间的紧张关系及其对柏拉图的影响是不容忽视的原因之一。一《理想国》第十卷指出 ,“哲学与诗歌之争古来有之” (οτιπαλαιαμευτιζδιαφοραφιλοσοφιατεκαιποιητικη)。对于这场旷…     

试论柏拉图《理想国》的开篇——兼论政治哲学研究中的译注疏

柏拉图《理想国》开篇所揭示的叙事方式、地点、时间、人物等要素,表明它并非一部纯粹哲学的或纯粹政治的著作,它的主题是城邦与人这一政治哲学的故事。结合《理想国》．中译本对开篇的翻译,本文：还论及政治哲学研究中译注疏的原则。     

《理想国》的“诗论”考察——兼与中国早期诗论比较研究

苏格拉底在《理想国》中对绘画、诗和戏剧进行了考察,认为它们不能提供真知,诗更是激起了城邦公民的情感和欲望,破坏了由理性建构起的城邦的正义和秩序。苏格拉底将诗人与将军、法律制定者相比,认为:诗模仿心灵的低级部分,诗人是城邦正义的破坏者,扰乱心灵理性部分的罪魁祸首,并将诗人驱逐出理想国。本文通过对《理想国》"诗论"的分析,确定古希腊政治哲学、伦理学"知"的背景,与中国政治哲学、伦理学"诗"的背景之间存在着巨大的差异,从而厘清早期中西政治文化和伦理文化的不同建基。     

对柏拉图文艺对话中“诗哲之争”的再解读

柏拉图在《理想国》中对诗和诗人提出了严厉的批评,认为其不利于城邦的"正义",并提出将其逐出"理想国"。但实际上,柏拉图并非反对所有的诗,他攻击的只是诗人在盲目追求爱欲下对真理的不作为和不负责任的摹仿。柏拉图的文艺对话表明,诗人和哲人因对"爱"的不同的理解与追求形成了不同的"诗",一种主要是摹仿诗,另一种则是旨在揭示真理的"哲人诗"。因此,《理想国》中的"诗哲之争"可以解读为"摹仿诗"和"哲人诗"之争,其本质是诗歌内部的争论,而非诗歌与哲学之间的争论。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.