大学班集体人际关系的心理学研究

本研究综合运用调查访问、社会测量法和观察法对大学文科和理工科一、二、四年级的21个班的人际关系作了考察。结果表明,1)大学班集体非正式的内部结构有一定的特点,2)班集体中的两极人物有明显的个性特质,3)大学生择友的基本要求是品德和心理相似性,4)大学生对班集体领导人的心理品质有一定的基本要求,5)大学生的自我观念与他们的人际关系有着密切的联系。     

离散交叠作业中反应选择与反应组织加工关系的研究

实验结果支持反应选择瓶颈理论,并证实反应组织是在反应选择阶段完成的多任务之一。因此,反应组织不具备瓶颈性质。     

速度与认知成绩及年龄关系的研究

应用累加成绩－反应时曲线比较研究了青年组与老年组五项作业速度与成绩之间的关系,这五项作业是数字旋转,心算、符号数字、汉字数字和图形空间定位,结果表明：（１）老年组五项作业的累加成绩－－反应时曲线均较青年组上升缓慢,表明老年组需要较长的反应时,便可获得与青年人相当的累加是分;（２）老年组累加成绩－反应时曲线上升的快慢还与作业的性质及难度有一定。上述结果表明,在所研究作业的难度范围内,速度减慢是老年人     

A META-ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONS AMONG TRAINING CRITERIA

An augmented framework for training criteria based on Kirkpatrick's (1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b) model divides training reactions into affective and utility reactions, and learning into post-training measures of learning, retention, and behavior/skill demonstration. A total of 34 studies yielding 115 correlations were analyzed meta-analytically. Results included substantial reliabilities across training criteria and reasonable convergence among subdivisions of criteria within a larger level. Utility-type reaction measures were more strongly related to learning or on-the-job performance (transfer) than affective-type reaction measures. Moreover, utility-type reaction measures were stronger correlates of transfer than were measures of immediate or retained learning. These latter findings support recent concurrent thinking regarding use of reactions in training (e.g., Warr & Bunce, 1995). Implications for choosing and developing training criteria are discussed.     

DGAVP易化记忆巩固过程与脑内蛋白质合成关系的探讨

本实验研究了脱甘氨酰胺精氨酸加压素(DGAVP)易化记忆巩固过程的作用,证明DGAVP能够防止蛋白质合成抑制剂茴香霉素(ANI)对记忆的破坏作用,并从突触体水平上探讨了DGAVP的作用与蛋白质合成的关系。 实验结果表明:(1)在复杂迷宫趋食反应中,DGAVP能够增强小鼠对觅食路径的记忆。(2)ANI破坏小鼠的记忆,而预先给予DGAVP则能防止ANI的破坏作用;在一次性被动回避反应中ANI和DGAVP的作用与迷宫实验的结果一致。(3)ANI抑制究触体对蛋白质合成前体亮氨酸的摄取,作用非常显著。DGAVP能够改善ANI的抑制效应,体外和体内的实验结果完全一致。实验结果提示DGAVP的作用机制与蛋白质合成有一定关系。     

初中生的学业成就动机、学习策略与学业成绩关系研究

本文初次将成就动机与学习策略联系起来研究,考察出了目前初中生使用的九种主要学习策略。研究结果表明:(1)成就动机、学习策略在同等程度上影响学业成绩,两者间无显著交互作用;(2)不同成绩学生(优、差生)在成就动机和学习策略上有显著差异,这是导致成绩分化的主要原因之一。     

IN PURSUIT OF GENERAL BEHAVIORAL RELATIONS

Efforts to develop behavioral technologies from advances in basic research assume that results from studies with nonhuman subjects can, in some instances, be applied to human behavior. The behavioral principles likely to be most useful for application are those that represent robust general behavioral relations. Basic and applied research on behavioral momentum suggests that there is a general behavioral relation between the persistence of behavior and the rate of reinforcement obtained in a given situation. Understanding the factors that affect behavioral persistence may have important implications for applied behavior analysts that justify studies aimed at establishing the generality and limits of the functional relation between reinforcement rate and behavioral persistence. Strategies for establishing the generality of behavioral relations are reviewed, followed by a brief summary of the evidence for the generality of behavioral momentum.     

A COMPARISON OF TWO COHORTS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN RESPONSES TO THE MALE-FEMALE RELATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE

Two cohorts of male and female introductory psychology students from the same university, tested in 1978 and 1992, were given the male or the female form of the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire (MFRQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Sawin, 1980), which assesses respondents' personal gender-role preferences and behaviors in interpersonal situations. In both genders, the means of the majority of MFRQ items decreased significantly from 1978 to 1992, but item means were still fairly close to the midpoint of the response scale. Women tended to be less willing than men to assign leadership roles to men but in social interactions with the other gender, they admitted to deliberately acting "feminine" as much or more than men admitted to acting "masculine." Correlations between the MFRQ and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1978) were also determined and found to be substantial. Psychometric differences between the instruments suggested, however, that the MFRQ provides unique information and may often be more useful than the AWS in detecting relationships with other variables.     

THE RELATIONS OF DAILY COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE BEHAVIOR WITH EMOTIONS, SITUATIONAL ANTECEDENTS, AND PERSONALITY MODERATORS: A DIARY STUDY IN HONG KONG

In this diary study conducted in Hong Kong, we examined a theoretical model in which negative emotions serve as an explanatory mechanism through which daily stressors impact daily counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We further theorized that personality variables (negative affectivity, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness) would exert cross-level effects on the within-person relationships. Hierarchical linear modeling results based on a sample of 231 individuals and 5,583 observations across 25 days provide partial support for the mediating role of negative emotions in the within-person stressor–CWB relationships. Specifically, we found that negative emotions (a) partially mediated the within-person relation of perceived ambiguity with CWB directed at the organization, (b) fully mediated the relation of supervisor interpersonal injustice with CWB directed at individuals, and (c) fully mediated the relation of customer interpersonal injustice with CWB directed at the organization. High levels of trait negative affectivity were found to strengthen the within-person relation between daily supervisor interpersonal injustice and daily negative emotions. As expected, high levels of trait Conscientiousness and Agreeableness were found to weaken the within-person relations of daily negative emotions with daily CWB directed at the organization and individuals.     

A STUDY OF MOTION PREFERENCES

M ashhour , M. A study of motion preferences. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 299–105. — Human motion preferences as a function of velocity were investigated by the method of paired comparisons under 3 conditions of motion track length. It was found that, ( a ) for all the conditions and irrespective of sex, preference was a unimodal asymmetric function of velocity, the modal value being about 50–80 min of arc/sec, ( b ) motion track length affected the proportions of preferential judgments without affecting the asymmetry and unimodality features of the functions, ( c ) preferences were independent of velocity ratios. The relationship between preference and attention are discussed.