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1.
Edward H. ThompsonJr. Leslie Killgore Heather Connors 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(3):317-331
Objective Few studies examine how older adults’ health status affects spiritual and religious involvement. This study examined the
effects of gender and poor cardiac health on older adults’ ends, means, and quest religious motivations and frequency of private
devotion. Method Longitudinal data (12 months between the T1 and T2 interviews) with 182 older adults sampled from a Northeast city were used to examine in a multivariate analysis of covariance
whether gender and the existence of cardiac health problems at T1 affected older adults’ spiritual and religious involvement at T2. Findings A gender and cardiac health condition interaction showed older men with heart trouble had more changes in religious involvement—they
engaged in more religious doubt, prayed less, and were not as intrinsically oriented at T2. Discussion The findings strongly suggest that older men with heart trouble may maintain a masculine style and shun seeking divine help. 相似文献
2.
We used the eyewitness suggestibility paradigm to investigate the hypothesis that cognitive aging is associated with an increase
in misrecollections—confidently held but false memories of past events. When younger and older adults were matched on their
overall memory for experienced events, both groups showed comparable rates of suggestibility errors in which they claimed
to have seen events in a video that had only been suggested in a subsequent questionnaire. However, older adults were—alarmingly—most
likely to commit suggestibility errors when they were most confident about the correctness of their response. By contrast,
their younger, accuracy-matched counterparts were most likely to commit these errors when they were uncertain about the accuracy
of their response. The elderly adults’ propensity to make high-confidence errors fits our misrecollection account. 相似文献
3.
Adrian Furnham 《Current Psychology》1987,6(3):244-255
Seven locus of control scales—two designed for adults and five for children—were administered to about 200 adolescents. A
content analysis revealed very little overlap between the scales which had practically no effect on the correlations between
them. Correlations between the five children’s locus of control scale scores were highly significant, and nearly all greater
than .50, but the two adult scales showed very little significant correlations either with each other, or any of the children’s
scales. A number of demographic variables were correlated with total scale scores of which age was the most significant. The
results are discussed in terms of the multidimensional nature of the concept, psychometric evaluation of locus of control
beliefs in different age groups and the specificity of the concept in general. 相似文献
4.
In this study we assessed the potential moderating roles of stimulus type (emotionally arousing) and participants’ characteristics
(gender) in older adults’ associative memory deficit. In two experiments, young and older participants studied lists that
included neutral and emotionally arousing word pairs (positive and negative) and completed recognition tests for the words
and their associations. In Experiment 1, the majority of the word pairs were composed of two nouns, whereas in Experiment 2 they were composed of adjective–noun pairs. The results extend evidence for older adults’ associative deficit and suggest
that older and younger adults’ item memory is improved for emotionally arousing words. However, associative memory for the
word pairs did not benefit (and even showed a slight decline) from emotionally arousing words, which was the case for both
younger and older adults. In addition, in these experiments, gender appeared to moderate the associative deficit of older
adults, with older males but not females demonstrating this deficit. 相似文献
5.
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Older adults’ heightened susceptibility to false memories has been linked to compromised
frontal lobe functioning as estimated by Glisky and colleagues’ (Glisky, Polster, & Routhieaux, 1995) neuropsychological battery
(e.g., Butler, McDaniel, Dornburg, Price, & Roediger, 2004). This conclusion, however, rests on the untested assumption that
young adults have uniformly high frontal functioning. We tested this assumption, and we correlated younger and older adults’
frontal scores with veridical and false recall probabilities with prose materials. Substantial variability in scores on the
Glisky battery occurred for younger (and older) adults. However, frontal scores and age were independent contributors to recall
probabilities. Frontal functioning is not the sole cause of older adults’ heightened susceptibility to false memories. 相似文献
6.
7.
Joann M. Montepare 《Journal of Adult Development》2006,13(2):102-107
Age-related trends and predictors were explored with respect to three dimensions of adults’ body consciousness. Consistent
with the notion that aging adults’ perceptions of their bodies are multidimensional and multidirectional, adults reported
being more concerned about their external physical appearance (public body consciousness), more aware of their internal body
sensations (private body consciousness), and more positive in their self-evaluations of their bodies (body competence). Moreover,
consistent with the claim that such attitudes are multi-determined, the present research found that aging adults’ personal
anxiety about aging and their subjective age identities were significant predictors of variations in their body consciousness.
Moreover, the predictive value of these psychological variables rivaled the predictive value of chronological age.
相似文献
Joann M. MontepareEmail: |
8.
Everyday activities break down into parts and subparts, and appreciating this hierarchical structure is an important component
of understanding. In two experiments we found age differences in the ability to perceive hierarchical structure in continuous
activity. In both experiments, younger and older adults segmented movies of everyday activities into large and small meaningful
events. Older adults’ segmentation deviated more from group norms than did younger adults’ segmentation, and older adults’
segmentation was less hierarchically organized than that of younger adults. Older adults performed less well than younger
adults on event memory tasks. In some cases, measures of event segmentation discriminated between those older adults with
better and worse memory. These results suggest that the hierarchical encoding of ongoing activity declines with age, and that
such encoding may be important for memory. 相似文献
9.
Lisa M. Hooper Mark Richardson Linda L. Knol Nyshetia White-Chapman Lixin Qu Natalie J. Hannah 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2010,32(3):320-334
In this pilot study, we examined the relationship between health factors, sociodemographic factors, and body mass index (BMI)
across two generations (n = 41 parent-child pairs). Generation 1 study variables included parent- and family-focused characteristics and health variables,
the Generation 2 variables included child demographic factors, and the outcome variable was youths’ physical health (operationalized
as BMI). Regression models revealed that Generation 1 variables, taken together, accounted for 26% of the variance in youth
BMI. However, only the parent’s mental health symptoms (i.e., depression symptoms) made a unique contribution to the variance
in youth BMI. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the youths’ race and age—but no other demographic factor—were significantly
related to youth BMI-for-age. Our findings suggest that youth race, age, and parent mental health are each associated with
youth physical health (i.e., BMI), confirming previous study findings that parental factors and demographic factors should
be considered when exploring youth health outcomes. 相似文献
10.
Research has confirmed a healthy link between young adults’ religiosity and body image. This study explored this relationship
in 127 older men and women (mean = 74 years) who completed measures on two dimensions of body image (body satisfaction and
anxiety about an aging appearance) and on different indices of religiosity. Men reported higher body satisfaction and lower
anxiety about an aging appearance than women. For men, body satisfaction correlated with many religiosity variables and was
predicted by religious well-being, existential well-being, and manifestation of God in their body; aging-appearance anxiety
was unrelated to religiosity. For women, body satisfaction was weakly related to religiosity but aging-appearance anxiety
was predicted by intrinsic orientation, religious well-being, and existential well-being; in all cases higher religiosity
predicted lower anxiety about an aging appearance. Results are discussed in the context of differing cultural standards of
aging and attractiveness for men and women. 相似文献
11.
Tina Jones Melissa DeMore Lindsey L. Cohen Cara O’Connell Deborah Jones 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(3):234-240
Late adolescence and early adulthood is a time when people establish many of their life-style behaviors. Thus, in order to
promote optimal health, it is important to identify factors predictive of young adults’ healthcare behavior. This study evaluated
the relationship between measures of childhood healthcare experience, healthcare attitudes, and optimism with young adults’
healthcare behavior in a sample of college students (n = 100). Results suggested that prior healthcare experience, attitudes about healthcare, and optimism are associated with
current healthcare behavior. In addition, the relation between childhood healthcare experience and current healthcare behavior
was moderated by optimism, such that those who reported both more negative childhood healthcare experiences and low levels
of optimism reported the least adaptive healthcare behaviors and those who reported the most positive childhood healthcare
experience and the highest levels of optimism reported the most adaptive healthcare behavior. 相似文献
12.
E. M. Swiderski 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(4):329-343
Brzozowski’s ‘philosophy of labour’—to which he devoted a number of writings starting in 1902—presents problems of interpretation.
A conceptual approach to his conception shows it to be a sometimes uneasy mix of realist and anti-realist notions. Brzozowski
appears to have thought that labour is not first of all about the things it supposedly transforms, but rather about itself.
I suggest that Brzozowski can be read in the spirit of Nelson Goodman’s nominalist constructionalism (“worldmaking”). On this
account, labour in Brzozowski’s idiom turns out to be the constitution of forms of symbolizing sufficient unto themselves
and the needs they satisfy. However, that Brzozowski was not entirely consistent in the views I impute to him—he forever sought
for some ‘external’ measure of the rightness of labour/symbolizing—can be explained at least in part by his ‘humanism’, that
is, his commitment to the task he assigns humankind, that of creating the one meaningful world attesting to virtually unrestricted
human power. 相似文献
13.
This study examined the relations between maternal parenting styles (including warmth, behavioral control, and psychological
control) and young adults’ emotion regulation. Participants included 246 young adults from a large Midwestern university,
as well as their mothers. Higher levels of maternal control, particularly psychological control, were related to lower levels
of young adults’ emotion regulation. This study is among the first to explore the above relations within the context of young
adulthood. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Jennifer F. Marchand-Reilly 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(1):31-38
Although romantic involvement in adulthood has generally been associated with enhanced well-being, some aspects of adults’
romantic relationships (e.g., maladaptive conflict behaviors) have been linked with depressive symptoms. In order to better
understand the role of romantic involvement in well-being, the present study examined links among attachment orientations,
conflict behaviors with romantic partners, and depressive symptoms in an undergraduate sample of young adults (N = 110). Correlational analyses generally supported the hypothesized links. When a regression series was applied to the data
in order to determine whether young adults’ conflict behaviors serve as a mediator in the link between their attachment orientations
and depressive symptoms, mediation was not supported. Instead, results supported a model wherein attachment orientations and
conflict behaviors (attacking) were independent predictors, explaining unique variance in young adults’ depressive symptoms.
Findings underscore the importance of considering specific aspects of young adults’ romantic relationships in the prediction
of their depressive symptoms and illuminate the role attachment orientations and conflict behaviors in their depressive symptoms. 相似文献
15.
We defined and measured a dimension of religiosity frequently invoked in end-of-life (EOL) research—deference to God’s Will
(GW)—and examined its relationship to preferences for life-prolonging treatments. In a 35-min telephone interview, 304 older
men and women (60 +) were administered the 5-item GW scale, sociodemographic questions, three attitude items regarding length
of life, and measures of two health indices, depression, and life-prolonging treatment preferences. The GW scale demonstrated
internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .94) and predictive and discriminant validity. Higher scores indicative of greater
deference to GW were associated with stronger life-prolonging treatment preferences in poor-prognosis scenarios. Implications
for the role of religiosity in medical decision-making are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Jik-Joen Lee 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(4):347-363
This study fills the gap of literature review in the field of successful aging among non-Western older people. It identifies
predictors of self-reported successful aging for living-alone older Chinese people with a relatively low socioeconomic status.
Also, it records these respondents’ typical interpretations of the concept of successful aging in their own words. This study
employed a single-item, subjective approach to enable elderly respondents to define their own successful aging. It made use
of an open-ended question to collect respondents’ interpretations of the concept of successful aging. This study successfully
interviewed, at home, 109 randomly selected older Chinese people living alone in two public housing estates. The response
rate was 75.6%. Life satisfaction, sex, self-reported health status, satisfaction with living environment and major source
of income were crucial predictors of these older Chinese people’s self-reported successful aging. The explanatory power was
50.9%. Several typical interpretations of the concept of successful aging obtained from these respondents were categorized
into the following groups: (1) health-related issues, (2) financial issues, (3) personal issues, (4) family issues, (5) psychological
issues, and (6) housing issues. Many of their interpretations were consistent with some of this study’s predictors. Living-alone,
relatively deprived older Chinese respondents’ self-reported successful aging seems to focus more on subjective predictors
than on objective ones. Their interpretations of the concept of successful aging are culturally and socio-economically oriented.
These older people’s cognitive assessment of their successful aging is thus largely a personal experience of their daily lives. 相似文献
17.
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether the Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL) model of semantic memory could differentiate between two different populations. An analysis of the differences in densities (or average distances between word neighbors in semantic space) in HAL matrices—generated from text corpora derived from younger and older adults—confirmed that HAL was able to distinguish between the two age groups. This difference was again detected when structured interview data were used to build the corpora. A third experiment, designed to test the specificity of HAL in detecting differences between groups, did not detect any difference in the densities of the memory representations when older adults generated both the test corpora. The final experiment, conducted on the language of adults with Alzheimer’s and normal adults, again demonstrated that HAL could discriminate between the two populations. These results suggest that HAL is capable of modeling, on the basis of changes in mean density, some of the differences between populations without modifying the model itself but, rather, by changing the text corpus from which the model creates its representations in semantic space. 相似文献
18.
Petri Laukka 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2007,8(2):215-241
A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 500 community living older adults in Sweden (aged 65–75 years). The questionnaire
assessed uses of music in everyday life: frequency of listening, situations where music is encountered, emotional responses
to music, and motives for listening (i.e., listening strategies). Also, different facets of psychological well-being (e.g.,
affective well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonic well-being) and selected background variables (e.g., education level,
health status, activity level, and Big-5 personality characteristics) were assessed. Results showed that listening to music
is a common leisure activity encountered in many everyday situations, and that listening to music is a frequent source of
positive emotions for older adults. Also, the participants reported using a variety of listening strategies related to emotional
functions (e.g., pleasure, mood regulation, and relaxation) and issues of identity, belonging, and agency. The associations
between listening strategies and well-being were explored through correlation and multiple regression analyses where the influence
of background variables was controlled for. Health status and personality were the most important predictors of well-being,
but some listening strategies were also significantly associated with psychological well-being. The results give important
insights into older adults’ uses of music in everyday life and give clues regarding possible relationships between musical
activities and well-being. 相似文献
19.
Arndt Büssing Julia Fischer Thomas Ostermann Peter F. Matthiessen 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(1):77-90
Within the context of coping, we analyze whether Reliance on God’s Help, as a measure of intrinsic religiosity, is associated specifically with SF-12’s health-related quality of life. Data of 5,248
individuals (63.1 ± 10.6 years; 14% chronic diseases, 16% cancer, 8% had experienced acute diseases, and 62% healthy elderly
as a control group) were enrolled. Although about half of the individuals had a strong belief that God will help and prayed
to become healthy again, Reliance on God’s Help was not generally associated with better physical or mental health-related quality of life. Just in distinct subgroups we
found some marginal associations. Regression analyses confirmed that physical or mental health were not among the predictors
of Reliance on God’s Help. Nevertheless, intrinsic religiosity was utilized by several individuals, particularly by patients with higher age and cancer.
It should be regarded as a resource to cope (meaning-focused coping) rather than an independent contributor to health-related
quality of life. 相似文献
20.
Christians commonly speak of and to God as ‘a person’. The propriety of such talk depends on how the concept of a person is
being used and understood, and that concept is much contested in contemporary analytic philosophy. In this article, I note
the presuppositions of one current debate about what it is to be a human person, and then propose an alternative approach
to persons—both human and divine—that draws upon the Thomistic philosophical and theological tradition. In this tradition,
‘person’ is neither an essence-determining kind term, nor a merely nominal or functional kind term, but is applicable analogously
to entities of various ‘kinds’ (e.g. humans, angels and God). The origins of this account in Aquinas’ theology of the Trinity
will be examined, and I will conclude by noting a recent development of Thomas’ thought in relation to what it is to be a
human person. 相似文献