Predicting intention to use condoms in homosexual men: An application and extension of the theory of reasoned action

Abstract

A questionnaire based on the Theory of Reasoned Action was developed and tested to identify predictors of intention to use condoms. The questionnaire consisted of three original components: Behavioral Intentions, Attitudes and Subjective Normative Beliefs, and a new component, Behavioral Norms. Age of HIV antibody status were also collected. Internal consistency of the four components of the questionnaire was high: Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.76 to 0.87. Logistic modelling identified the significant predictors of intentions to use a condom as Attitudes (Odds Ratio = 2.7, 95% CI 1.80?4.06, P < 0.001) and Behavioral Norms (Odds Ratio = 1.49,95% CI 1.06?2.11, P = 0.03). Contrary to the theory that demographic variables are not important predictive variables of intention, HIV antibody positive status and age were found to directly influence Behavioral Intentions to use a condom. About 50% of men older than 25 years of age intended to use a condom, irrespective of HIV status. Overall, 59% of men 25 years of age and younger intended to use a condom, but the percentage was affected by HIV status; 22% in men who were HIV positive and 63% in men who were HIV negative. These findings indicate that after modification, to include HIV antibody status, Age and Behavioral Norms, the Theory of Reasoned Action can identify significant predictors of intention to use a condom.     

The Effect of Companion's Gender on Impulsive Purchasing: The Moderating Factor of Cohesiveness and Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influence

Most impulse purchasing research investigates individual‐level factors. This paper, however, examines the influence of shopping companion gender on impulse purchasing. The results of the three studies show that shoppers were more likely to exhibit impulse purchase behavior when shopping with an opposite gender companion. In addition, shoppers who were in the low‐cohesive condition and who shopped with an opposite gender companion were more likely to exhibit impulse purchase behavior than those who shopped with the same gender companion, and those who were susceptible to interpersonal influence were also more likely to exhibit impulse purchase behavior when shopping with an opposite gender companion. For shoppers who were not as susceptible to interpersonal influence, the influence of their companion's gender appeared to diminish on impulsive purchasing.     

大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的现状及关系研究

采用主观幸福感问卷和Hearland宽恕量表对237名大学生进行问卷调查,综合探讨大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的现状及关系。研究发现：（1）大学生的主观幸福感总体处于中等水平,女生的生活满意度显著高于男生;不同年级大学生在生活满意度和主观幸福感出现显著差异。（2）大学生宽恕心理略高于中等水平,性别间无显著性差异。（3）大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理呈正相关,女生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的相关显著高于男生。     

Impact of Group Settings and Gender on Meals Purchased by College Students

This study examines the impact of social context and perception of weight on calories purchased by college students in a natural setting. Not only did women in mixed‐gender groups purchase fewer calories than did women in same‐gender groups, but significant interaction effects exist among the gender composition of groups, perception of being overweight, and gender of respondents. Men modified calories purchased across mixed‐gender and same‐gender groups, purchasing more when in mixed‐gender groups. The study helps address theoretical and methodological gaps in prior research and frames the findings in terms of variation of gender salience across social relational contexts.     

社会支持对大学生希望的影响机制:自尊和自我效能感的中介作用

为了探讨社会支持各维度和大学生希望的关系及其自尊和自我效能感在其中的作用机制,采用社会支持评定量表、希望特质问卷、自尊量表和一般自我效能问卷对756名大学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)社会支持的主观支持维度对大学生的希望有着显著的正向预测作用,客观支持和支持利用度两个维度对希望的预测作用不显著;(2)自尊和自我效能感在主观社会支持对希望的预测关系中有非常显著的中介作用,而自我效能感的中介效应更显著。     

Situational Influences on Condom Purchasing

Despite the well-documented role of condoms in safe sex, people frequently fail to use them. Embarrassment and other negative emotions that occur while acquiring condoms may make it less likely that people will consistently purchase condoms, subsequently decreasing condom use. It is important to examine how situational factors affect emotions related to condom purchasing behaviors. Two experiments examined the influence of different condom purchasing situations on emotions felt and willingness to purchase condoms. Participants imagined one of three condom purchasing scenarios: anonymously at a self-checkout counter, non-anonymously at a regular checkout counter, or asking for condoms from a locked display. Results revealed that participants’ self-reported willingness to purchase condoms increased as levels of anonymity increased. Similarly, participants reported more positive emotions as anonymity increased. A negative correlation between negative emotion and willingness to purchase condoms also emerged. Overall, results suggest a need for businesses to help provide anonymity to customers, perhaps through incorporating self-checkouts into their stores to potentially decrease negative emotion felt and increase condom sales and potentially consistent condom use.     

默认选项助推老年人意外伤害险在线购买

老年人意外伤害保险作为应对人口老龄化带来的意外风险的措施之一,能够有效缓解老年人意外伤害给其和家庭造成的经济负担。然而该险种购买不足的现状有可能影响其持续运营。本研究试图通过四个子研究探讨默认选项的助推方式是否能够促进老年人意外伤害险在线购买额。研究1通过实际销售数据分析,研究2~4通过实验发现:把默认选项设置在最高份数上能够有效地促进保险的购买份额。研究表明应用行为科学的发现可以有效促进公共政策的实施。     

Norm setting for the verbal estimation of a 40-second interval by women of childbearing age

95 female college students verbally estimated a 40-sec. interval. Norms for age groups between 19 and 49 yr. were determined. All age groups overestimated the 40-sec. time interval.     

生活方式对大学生在线音乐购买意向的影响：有调节的中介模型

探讨生活方式对大学生在线音乐购买意向的影响机制。采用生活方式量表、在线音乐感知价值量表、神经质量表以及在线音乐购买意向量表对2011名大学生进行调查。结果表明：（1）时尚品味、完美主义和崇尚自由正向预测大学生在线音乐购买意向;（2）在线音乐感知价值在时尚品味与大学生在线音乐购买意向之间起部分中介作用,在线音乐感知价值在崇尚自由与大学生在线音乐购买意向之间起完全中介作用,在线音乐感知价值在中庸内敛、积极进取与大学生在线音乐购买意向之间起遮掩效应;（3）神经质调节了在线音乐感知价值对大学生在线音乐购买意向的影响。     

Involvement,attributions, and consumer responses to rebates

This paper examines effects of both purchasing involvement and product involvement on consumers' responses to rebates. In Part One, the study examines the effects of involvement on consumer responses to a rebate price promotion. Specifically, the study reports that consumers with high levels of purchasing involvement and consumers with high levels of product involvement are more likely to experience satisfaction with a shopping experience involving a rebate and, subsequently, are more likely to express intentions to engage in repeat purchase behavior and word-of-mouth communication about the product. High purchasing involved (but not high product involved) customers are also more likely to use rebates. In Part Two, the study examines effects of involvement on consumer attributions for satisfaction with the price deal and reports that high purchasing involvement is significantly related to a tendency to make internal, rather than external, attributions for satisfaction with a rebate shopping experience. Results of hierarchical moderated regression suggest that consumer responses to the rebate price promotion are moderated by these internal attributions. Implications of the findings for a theoretical understanding of involvement effects on attributions and for the effectiveness of price promotion strategies in the marketplace are discussed.     

Racial group differences in help-seeking behaviors

The authors evaluated variations in help-seeking behaviors among Blacks and Whites and the role of cognitive-affective variables as mediators of these variations. Participants were 70 Black and 66 White community college students who completed the SCL-90-R (L. R. Derogatis, 1977, 1994), the Revised Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (T. Bekhuis et al., 1995), the Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire (J. M. Robbins & L. J. Kirmayer, 1991), and a measure of help-seeking behaviors and demographic information. Relative to White college students, Black college students significantly less frequently used psychological or social services and significantly more frequently used religious services. The authors accounted for group differences in religious help-seeking behaviors by beliefs in the power of God and by normalizing symptom attributions. The cognitive-affective variables that were studied did not account for differences in psychological help-seeking behaviors. The authors inferred that to better meet the needs of Black college students, collaboration between mental health services and religious services would likely be beneficial.     

Adolescent attitudes toward designer jeans: further evidence

The classical conditioning theory of learning was used to predict the attitudes of junior high students toward spending for designer jeans. Two groups of junior high (mean age = 13.3 years) home economics students (N = 44) viewed and responded to four slides of designer or status jeans and four slides of nondesigner jeans. In addition, half the subjects were exposed to designer hangtags, and half were not. Thus, the design of the experiment was a mixed model two X two analysis of variance. In accord with recent research on designer jeans, it was predicted and found that junior high students were likely to say that in comparison to the nondesigner jeans, they would spend more for the designer jeans, select them more often as gifts, and purchase them more often for themselves. It also was found that the junior high students were more likely to say they would select a pair of jeans as a gift when the hangtags were present but were more likely to say they would purchase the jeans for themselves in the absence of the hangtags. There were no interactions. Classical conditioning theory is used to explain the results and to offer avenues for further research.     

社会比较对大学生公平感知的影响：主观社会经济地位的调节作用

本研究考察社会比较对大学生公平感知的影响,并探讨主观社会经济地位在其中的调节作用。控制社会比较的方向、不公平程度及有无代价等因素,结果发现,社会比较会影响大学生的公平感知,在向上社会比较条件下,大学生更愿意选择平等选项;主观社会经济地位能够调节社会比较对大学生公平感知的影响,低主观社会经济地位大学生在向下社会比较时更愿意选择平等选项。大学生具有较强的公平感知,关注自身利益是否最大化。     

有童年期留守经历的大学生成人依恋、社会支持与主观幸福感的关系研究

该研究旨在探讨有童年期留守经历大学生的依恋、社会支持与其主观幸福感的关系。以武汉七所高校319名有留守经历大学生和400名无留守经历大学生为对象,采用主观幸福感问卷、亲密关系体验量表(ECR)和社会支持问卷进行测试。结果表明,对于有童年期留守经历的大学生,1)他们的依恋回避维度、消极情感高于一般大学生,在社会支持利用度、社会支持总分、生活满意度、主观幸福感方面得分显著低于一般大学生;2)依恋、社会支持与其主观幸福感显著相关;3)主观支持、支持利用度和依恋焦虑能显著预测主观幸福感,依恋焦虑对主观幸福感的影响在加入社会支持后下降。结论:社会支持在有童年期留守经历大学生的依恋和主观幸福感之间起中介作用,即依恋通过社会支持的不同方面来影响个体的主观幸福感。     

Music CD Purchase Decisions

The increasing ease and frequency of digital music piracy and the global nature of the music industry make it important to understand why consumers in different national markets purchase music CDs. Study 1 identified 5 factors underlying CD purchasing, noting these differences between British and Japanese participants. Study 2 investigated relationships between these 5 factors and individual-difference variables. Compliance was unrelated to scores on the Friendship factor. Experience seeking and scores on the Re-Experience the Music factor were correlated negatively. Scores on the Friendship factor and innovativeness were unrelated, although innovativeness and scores on the Need to Control and Be Involved With Music factor were positively associated with product, purchase decision, and consumption involvements. Implications for marketing and future research are discussed.     

Influences on the perceived risk of purchasing online

This paper examines whether the perceived risk of online purchasing by consumers varies with the frequency of previous purchases, satisfaction with previous purchase experiences, the good/service orientation of an intended purchase and the level of purchase decision involvement required. No association was found between the frequency of online purchasing and perceived risk, although satisfaction with prior internet purchases was negatively associated with the perceived risk of intended purchases, but only for low‐involvement products. Differences in perceived risk were associated with whether the intended purchase was a good or service and whether it was a high or low‐involvement product. Analysis of consumer perceived risks, disaggregated by type of risk and purchase situation, provides insight into impediments that may hinder the expansion of consumer purchasing using the internet. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications.     

中国大陆、香港和美国大学生主观幸福感比较

采用量表法对中国大陆、香港和美国三个地区的大学生被试的主观幸福感(SWB)进行了比较。差异检验表明,在总体SWB水平上,三个地区没有表现出显著差异,但在生活满意感、积极情感和消极情感维度上差异都显著。分层回归的结果发现,经济状况、社会关系和外在价值变量对三个地区大学生的生活满意感和积极情感都作出了增值贡献;外在准则变量对三个地区的消极情感作出了增值贡献。     

Children's,adolescents’, and adults’ judgments and reasoning about different methods of teaching values

This study investigated children's, adolescents’, and young adults’ judgments and reasoning about teaching two values (racial equality and patriotism) using methods that varied in provision for children's rational autonomy, active involvement, and choice. Ninety-six participants (7–8-, 10–11-, and 13–14-year-olds, and college students) evaluated four methods of teaching values in schools (Inculcation, Direct Teaching, Behavioral, and Discussion) for agents of two ages (3rd and 8th grade students), and in two contexts (student- vs. teacher-implemented methods). Older participants were more likely than younger participants (7–8-year-olds) to distinguish value education methods that stimulated children's rational thought processes and active involvement, and to coordinate factors such as the age of agents and the context of implementation in their judgments and reasoning.     

Culture and importance of backgrounds: a cross-cultural study of photograph taking

To compare the focus on targeted people while taking a photograph, samples of American and Chinese college students were randomly selected and asked to take casual pictures of people around them with digital cameras. About 200 photographs were rated for the focus on the intended target in the picture. American students were more likely to focus on the targeted individual, while the Chinese students were more likely to attend to the background and the environment of the targeted individual. The findings imply that for the Chinese college students, the environment can be equally important as the person. Possibly for Americans the environment is less important due to the more individualistic culture.     

Factorial structure of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale in a large sample of college students: rejoinder

Recently a study by Lester of American college students found a different factor structure for the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale than studies with students from Arab countries. Thus, a large sample of college students (N=3064) was recruited from 10 Arab countries to examine the replicability of the factors previously extracted from the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale. Three factors, identified in the present sample, were compatible with those in the prior larger sample (N=9031). These were labeled Cognitive/Affective Anxiety, Subjective Anxiety or Nervousness, and Somatic Anxiety. The factorial pattern of the scale has been verified by both large samples.