道德赏罚:道德生活的急切呼唤

道德赏罚：道德生活的急切呼唤黄明理长期以来,人们依据道德的含义,往往只强调教育、社会舆论和内心信念在道德培养中的作用,很少把道德与赏罚联系起来,有的甚至把赏罚完全排除在道德生活之外。我认为这在理论上是不全面的,在实践上也会影响道德作用的发挥。道德赏罚...     

马克思主义视阈中的共同体与道德——兼及集体主义道德原则的三重合理性基础

在马克思主义视阈中，共同体作为人的社会性存在方式内含道德要素，而道德作为共同体的本质和纽带则是共同体生活的自然结果。共同体不但生成社会意识从而形成人们价值与行为的道德共识，而且塑造生活世界从而形成道德行为的赏罚机制，还衍生社会关系从而形成普遍化与多层次的道德文化，这使之成为道德生成与发展的前提性基础。依据道德的经济社会制约性原理，自然共同体产生朴素的集体主义道德意识，虚假共同体衍生阶级或个人的本位主义道德，真正共同体生成以集体主义为原则的社会主义道德。集体主义道德既是生产社会化时代利益整合的客观结果，又是人的社会本质与整全个性的德性复归，还是人的道德自由与道德自觉的逻辑前提，具有坚实的社会、历史与价值合理性基础。     

论道德叙事

哲学的叙事就是有关生命和生活的道德叙事,道德叙事的主体通过生命体验和生活经历中的事件叙述,呈现或揭示隐藏在这些体验、经历、事件或行为背后的道德思想和价值观念,以创造出生命或生活的意义。生命的存在形式和生活运行轨迹表明道德叙事的主体是一个在时间流逝中呈现的历史主体;有意义的人生和道德生活表明道德叙事是基于一个统一主题对人性目的的理解。"道德主体""历时性""人性目的论""主题统一性"和"可理解性"构成了道德叙事的基本要素。这些基本要素通过"道德训诫"把"未受教化而偶然所是的人"转化为"实现其目的而可能所是的人",这是人类深层次的道德叙事。     

捍卫动机内在主义：一种基于道德理性主义的策略

道德理性主义的概念性主张认为，人们在日常生活中使用的道德概念蕴含着道德的要求与规范性理由之间的必然联系。根据这一概念性主张，一些哲学家发展出一种以实践上的理性为条件的道德判断动机内在主义。反对者则通过挑战道德理性主义的概念性主张来反对这一版本的动机内在主义。然而，拒绝这一概念性主张将导致我们无法解释人们的道德信念的来源，从而让道德语言实践成为不可理解的。只有接受道德理性主义的概念性主张，我们才能对人们如何形成道德信念给出一个合理的解释。这意味着我们有充分的理由去相信这一概念性主张为真，而以实践上的理性为条件的动机内在主义可以得到辩护。     

论道德与生活的关系及道德生活的本质特征

就生活与道德的关系而言,可以说生活需要道德、包含了道德但并不等于道德,道德始终存在于人的整体生活之中,没有脱离生活的道德。道德生活的本质特征表现在,道德生活是一种属人的或人类所特有的社会生活,是建立在物质生活基础之上的并渗透在物质生活之中引导和规范物质生活的精神生活,是一种有意义和价值并能予以价值评价的生活,是一种主体自由意志自觉自为并能进行道德选择的生活,是一种通过道德意识表现为道德关系涵盖一切道德活动的社会生活。     

道德破窗现象及其治理

道德破窗现象是在缺乏有效监督、约束的情况下,由尚未修复的伦理道德溃口 所引发的群体性负面道德模仿与个体性道德自弃现象,它是“破窗效应”在伦理道德生活中 的现象呈现,在生活世界中有着广泛的体现,是一种客观存在的伦理现象。从表面上看,道 德破窗现 象滥觞于失序环境的强烈暗示和其中道德主体的从众模仿,但事实上,它形成于情境中主体 道德知识的缺乏、道德信仰的缺失、道德实践判断能力的阙如以及有效监督及惩罚的缺位。 道德破窗现象不仅成因复杂而且危害巨大,它有可能在私利的驱使下使恶行驱逐善行,导致 作恶合理化甚至普遍化,使伦理道德规范失灵,引发道德文明衰退。对此,可从四个方面进 行治理:推进社会教化与加强个体积习并举,减少道德无知和盲从;树立坚定的伦理道德信 仰,以防止主体价值观扭曲与义利迷失;推进公民道德建设,提升公民在复杂境遇中 的实践判断能力,做到知行合一;完善道德监督和赏罚机制,消除“失序”及其带来 的负面暗示,彻底铲除道德破窗现象产生、存在的土壤。     

自律性组织在乡村公民道德建设中的地位和作用调研——以湖南益阳为例

乡村自律性组织是农村社会转型过程中推进农民道德建设的一种与时俱进的组织依托,具有自主性、功能的单一性、务实性等特征,其类型和形式多种多样。它反映了农民道德建设的一种自觉,充分发挥了道德的自律作用,强化了农村道德的评价机制和赏罚机制,提高了道德教育效果。     

再论阳明学中良知的道德自身意识问题——以耿宁对王阳明"三个良知概念"的划分为中心

在耿宁对王阳明良知思想的诠释中,道德自身意识这一概念至关重要.围绕这一概念,可以发现耿宁的诠释与阳明的良知学说之间存在着一些思路上的差异,具体体现在耿宁对自然、本体和本能三个概念的诠释之上.通过对这一思路差异的揭示,可以进一步分析耿宁的诠释与阳明学对道德问题的两点方向性不同,也即耿宁的诠释独有的特色:由道德呈报主体;自然的非道德性、反道德性.     

《吕氏春秋》道德心理思想探析

《吕氏春秋》包含有丰富的道德心理思想。它对构成个体道德心理的各因素、赏罚的作用、个体道德修养的途径,以及影响个体道德的众多社会因素都有深刻的认识与精辟的见解,值得今人借鉴。     

伯纳德·威廉斯对康德道德责任理论的批判

责备是人们在面对理由时的一种典型回应性态度,对这一态度的恰当判断往往需要预设一个具有自主意愿的行动者及其责任的归属。"聚焦式责备"(focused blame)是当代道德哲学家伯纳德·威廉斯对责备这一概念在现代道德哲学尤其是康德伦理学中特定意涵的刻画。通过对其背后所预设的道德自我、道德责任、意愿等的批判性考察,威廉斯提出"作为起因的责任承担者"这一概念以阐明现实的行动及其后果对自我的构建性作用,指出康德伦理学借由纯粹意愿所构建的道德自我来承担绝对自由的这一理论抱负,有可能会遮蔽现实中人们的具体伦理行动和心理机制所原本拥有的复杂性与多面性。     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.