社会建构论与心理学理论的未来发展

社会建构论是当代西方心理学中的一股重要学术思潮。它认为知识不是一种科学发现,而是一种社会建构。知识的生产过程不是个体理性决定的,而是一种文化历史的过程,是社会协商和互动的结果。有关心理现象的分类、心理活动的形式方面的知识都是一定文化历史条件的产物。从社会建构论的视角看心理学的研究成果会有许多新的收获。从社会建构论的观点来看,理论不是经验事实的概括和抽象,而是一种社会建构。理论先于经验观察,也高于经验观察,这种观点将理论建构置于经验工作之首,为心理学理论的未来发展开辟了全新的视角。     

当代台湾汉传佛教转型史学的诠释建构者:江灿腾的研究特色及其方法学的相关检讨

江灿腾专研近现代中国汉传佛教史,在台湾现代佛教史领域尤有成效.依笔者多年观察,江灿腾与台湾现代佛教史这一学门的确立密不可分,且其学术成就又与其学术性格极为相关,此外他在建构台湾现代佛教史上,也有其特色.这是本文主要讨论的议题.文章最后复就江灿腾对书籍编辑的重视、佛教史研究者对当代佛教的态度问题、佛教史研究的时代使命、有关“东亚研究视角”的检讨等问题,进一步论述本文题旨,并发表一些个人的看法.     

合作学习认知研究综述

到20世纪末期,合作学习研究转向对其认知过程的分析,当前的研究将合作学习过程分成了两个阶段。第一阶段是个体知识建构阶段,在该阶段中,合作性理解监控过程是对心理模型的比较过程。第二阶段是合作性联合结构阶段,该阶段的研究主要集中在精制、商讨、冲突三个方面,这些研究对教学干预提供了重要的理论借鉴。     

幸福观取向理论建构及实证

摘 要 尝试用新的理论视角-取向研究视角,对幸福观进行整合研究,建构一种与社会情境结合更紧密,更具概括性的幸福观取向理论。幸福观取向理论的假设建构模型包括四种幸福观取向维度：社会取向,个人取向,积极取向和消极取向。根据理论模型编制幸福观取向量表,以907名被试为研究对象,运用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析方法对该理论模型进行实证研究。结果证明了该理论建构中各维度的因素负荷和拟合指数良好,幸福观取向量表显示出良好的信度和建构效度,保证了实证研究的有效性。     

公共管理话语体系的本土化建构:比较的观点

公共管理话语体系的建构与公共管理学科本身的自主性有关,其话语体系表现了一种多种学科综合、多种理论兼收并蓄的特点。美国公共管理话语本土化的建构在于它不断适应公众的直接需要,在于它领先的问题意识、良好的学术环境和常态化的学术批评与争论。我国公共管理话语本土化的建构具有一个相对较好的文化基础,这一建构需要对话语体系本土化有一个正确的理解,需要有一个包括正确处理学术与意识形态关系、鼓励批评争论、自由探讨等在内的良好的学术环境。     

蔡元培与中国近代伦理学的建构

中国近代以来 ,在西学东渐 ,中西文化交流大潮中 ,蔡元培审时度势 ,一方面积极主动地译介、传播西方伦理学说 ,同时又注重中西伦理学说的比较、融合 ,力求建构具有新时代、新特点、新方法的中国伦理学 ,在伦理学方法、伦理学原理、伦理学史诸多方面为中国近代伦理学的建构做出了重要贡献     

虚无主义与道德的建构性:兼论施特劳斯道德哲学之困境

现代社会的一个重要特征,是知识的认知基础从实在性的转变为建构性的。这一改变对人们关于政治、道德的理解均有深远的影响,现代语境下出现的道德问题只有置于该语境之下才能得到充分的认识。虚无主义正是其中最为重要的问题之一。文章讨论了现代社会所发生的"认知革命"、道德的建构性质的凸显及其与虚无主义的关系。文章还分析施特劳斯关于虚无主义的观点,基本结论是,施特劳斯并没有抓住虚无主义作为"关系危机"的实质,因而其解决方案很可能将社会拉入更深的虚无主义。     

框架建构理论视角下新疆反恐与去极端化问题探析

框架建构是社会运动研究的重要理论，可以用来帮助分析新疆反恐与去极端化问题。首先，诊断式框架建构界定与识别分裂主义的目的、极端主义的思想以及恐怖主义手段。其次，预后式框架建构指出反恐与去极端化工作的主要举措。最后，促动式框架建构阐释反恐与去极端化工作的必要性。三种框架建构各有侧重，相互支撑，对反恐与去极端化工作具有一定的启发意义。     

毕业前夕大学生工作目标建构研究

采用little提出的个人计划分析法,在大学毕业前夕对不同高校和专业的396名毕业生进行了测试,旨在考察大学毕业生的工作目标建构特点及其可能的影响因素.结果表明:随着毕业时间的临近,工作目标的个数在减少,但对工作目标的控制性,感觉到得工作压力感在提高;大学毕业生的工作签约情况,所学专业,学校性质等都对工作目标的建构产生了显著影响.研究认为,对大学生进行就业心理指导时应充分考虑其工作目标的建构特点.     

竞争情境中的人格取向——理论建构及实证

尝试用新的视角——取向研究视角,对竞争情境中的人格进行整合研究,建构一种与社会情境结合更紧密,更具概括性的人格取向理论。人格取向理论的假设建构模型包括四种人格取向维度：社会取向,个人取向,积极取向和消极取向。根据理论模型编制竞争情境人格取向量表,以1399名被试为研究对象,运用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析方法对该理论模型进行实证研究。结果证明了该理论建构的存在,理论建构中各维度的因素负荷和拟合指数良好,竞争情境人格取向量表具有良好的信度和建构效度,既可作为证明该理论建构的有效工具,亦可作为评估竞争情境人     

Changes in identification during adolescence: a personal construct theory approach

The Role Construct Repertory Grid was administered individually to groups of eight subjects representing the early, mid and late adolescence age ranges. The Mid-Adolescence Group showed significantly greater conceptual distances between ideal-self and actual-self than either of the other groups. Differences between the age groups on self-integration plots and a measure of self-isolation were also observed. Evidence was found of decreasing identification with parents as a function of age.     

Complexity, extremity, and affect in male and female judgments.

Two studies were conducted to elucidate aspects of the interpersonal judement process as it is applied to and by males and females. Measurement of judgments by means of the Role Construct Repertory Test allowed consideration of cognitive complexity scores, as well as the use of extreme ratings and a total affective rating. Consistent findings from both studies suggest that males and females differ in their use of extreme scores and total affective ratings, but not in complexity. Characteristics of the stimulus person affect each of the three dependent measures. Interrelationships among the three judgmental measures provide information about the methodological and conceptual interplay of various factors in interpersonal judgment.     

Influences of Gender as a Basic-Level Category in Person Perception on the Gender Belief System

The use of gender as an organizing category in social perception and its influence on the gender belief systemwere investigated. A modified version of the Role Construct Repertory Test and selected self-report questionnaires were completed by 190 college students (165 women and 25 men). All the participants used gender to organize their person schemas, and using gender in this way related positively to gender stereotyping. Both sexist gender attitudes and use of gender as an organizing category predicted gender stereotyping. Components of the gender belief system were only correlated if they were conceptually similar. The findings are congruent with gender transcendent and multifactorial gender identity theories.     

A console for the interactive on-line administration of psychological tests

A computer controlled console for on-line psychological testing of psychiatric patients is described. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Kelly Role Construct Repertory Test are computer administered using three visual, one auditory, and two response modes. Test data are analyzed, interpreted, and incorporated into a program-written psychological report. Benefits and other applications from such a system are noted.     

A constructive alternative to family assessment

This article discusses George Kelly's theory of personal constructs and its Repertory Grid technique as a means of assessing couples and families. Kelly postulated that groups of people, such as couples and families, are best understood in terms of their system of personal constructs; these are the lenses through which they view their world. The paper shows how Kelly's Repertory Grid can be tailored to elicit and assess a couple's and/or family's individual and shared constructs.     

A Structural Analysis of a Psycho-oncology Unit

Abstract

This Action Research study came out of a mutual cooperation between the psychosomatic and psychotherapy departments of a large clinic in Germany. The perceptions of a number of members of a team of caretakers within an Oncology Ward were investigated using a Repertory Grid. The paper comments on the similarities and differences bewteen the various team members. In particular, it focuses on the Repertory Grids from the patient and the physician. Recognizing that teams are the building blocks of organizations, the paper suggests that Repertory Grid technology, when implemented as an heuristic device, can provide the basis for team members to consider their various roles and negotiate their aims and objectives.     

Cognitive complexity and cerebral sensory interaction

To ascertain the amount of association between cognitive complexity and cerebral sensory interaction, visual, auditory and bimodal event-related potentials were recorded from 50 right-handed Caucasian males. Sensory interaction indices were derived for these Ss who had taken the Role Construct Repertory Test of cognitive complexity. Product-moment correlations were computed between sensory interaction indices for eight cerebral and cognitive complexity test scores. Sensory interaction for one left and all right hemisphere regions was significantly related to cognitive complexity. As sensory suppression lessened, cognitive complexity decreased. The results substantiated the theory that the visual-imaginal and the auditory-verbal representational systems are implicated in cognitive complexity. The extent to which the cortex can inhibit or attenuate the interaction between these dual symbol systems is associated with intricate cognitive processing.     

Sureness Measures And Rating Extremity In Repertory Grid Technique: An Exploratory Study

Abstract

Twenty men and 20 women completed two Role Construct Repertory Tests (Kelly, 1955). One of the tests required subjects to assign elements (people known to the subject) to 12 bipolar constructs. The other test required subjects to rate the elements on scales defined by the constructs. For half of the scaled ratings, subjects were asked to record the degree to which they were sure of their decision using a scale ranging from 1 to 5. This measure of “sureness” was found to be related to familiarity to the element and extremity of the ratings. Women were more sure than men, and subjects were more sure of positive ratings than negative. The utility of the sureness measure is discussed and various interpretations of extremity and sureness are explored.     

Sequential development of cognitive complexity.

It has been demonstrated by Bieri and others that cognitive complexity is a meaningful personality construct for adults and older adolescents. The present study investigated by use of the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test and the Modified Role Repertory Test possible developmental change in a child's system of role constructs, i.e., a child's ability to construe social behavior in a multi-dimensional way. Subjects were 90 third, 99 fifth, 90 seventh, and 89 ninth grade children, and 83 adults. Data suggest that with time a child's system of constructs becomes more differentiated. Therefore, development is accompanied by greater cognitive complexity.