近二十年来的中国发展心理学

本文是对近二十年来中国大陆发展心理学的一个总结。文章分三个部分。第一部分是这个时期中国发展心理学总的情况的说明,第二部分是发展心理学研究中下列各个领域的介绍：认知发展研究．语言发展研究．社会性发展研究,超常儿童研究,独生子女研究,心理发展的跨文化研究,老年心理研究。在第三部分中作者提出他对中国发展心理学的一些看法。     

与时俱进,系统总结当代西方心理学的新成果--评<当代心理学的新进展>

心理学作为一门独立学科于1879年诞生于德国的莱比锡大学,此后,在德国、美国、英国、奥地利、瑞士等国家获得长足的进步,出现了行为主义学派、精神分析学派、人本主义学派、皮亚杰学派、认知主义心理学等心理学流派。这样,仅就心理学这一学科而言,西方心理学在其中占有举足轻重的地位,这是不言而喻的。于是,适时总结西方心理学的最新研究成果,一向就成为中国理论心理学和心理学史研究者们的重要研究任务之一。     

近五年西方心理学重要期刊发表论文简评

摘要：以《心理学公报》、《心理学评论》和《心理学年度评论》三种心理学国际权威学术期刊从2005年到2009年发表的论文为基础,从研究领域、研究主题、引用率等方面对国际心理学的研究进行了文献计量分析。探讨了心理学发展趋势,指出基础/实验心理、社会心理和健康心理领域的研究仍然是心理学研究的主流,但研究方法、技术发生了根本改变;认知、学习与记忆、决策与判断、情绪健康等主题是心理学研究的热点,从而启发中国的心理学研究者应加强研究方法和统计的训练,关注研究的本土化,进行跨学科、多层次整合的研究以及拓展研究主题。     

实证主义对心理学的影响

实证主义是19世纪中叶法国哲学家孔德首创的一种科学哲学。文章主要阐述了三代实证主义对构造心理学、激进行为主义、新行为主义和现代认知心理学的影响。实证主义方法论对西方心理学的发展产生了积极的作用,至今仍是在心理学研究中起主要指导作用的方法论之一。     

自体心理学在中国的传播和发展

自体心理学诞生于20世纪70年代的美国,源于经典精神分析理论。自体心理学理论的先驱海因茨·科胡特在当时的精神分析发展现状、社会思潮、科学探索模型、人文艺术背景的影响下,整合并提出了\"自体心理学\"的概念。此后,\"后科胡特\"时期的学者们也在研究和实践中使自体心理学理论不断迸发出新的活力。20世纪80年代,在中国心理学研究者...     

心理学在中国的发展及其现状（上）

本文分为四个时期记述心理学在中国的历史发展：１西方心理学思想传入中国的开端（１６世纪末至１７世纪初）;２．西方哲学心理学和科学心理学传入中国（１９世纪末至２０世纪初）;３．中国心理科学的创建与早期发展（２０世纪２０年代初至４０年代末）;４．中华人民共和国建立后的心理学发展历程（１９５０─１９９４）;使读者对我国的心理学发展和近十多年来的状况有一概括的全貌了解。     

心理学研究工具与心理学的发展

本文在考察心理学发展与研究工具的关系基础上,总结了心理学研究工具的定义和分类,并重点探索了心理学研究工具在心理学发展过程中的作用。并指出在未来心理学研究中新的研究工具和方法将起到越来越重要的作用。     

认知结构及发展：皮亚杰逻辑心理学的贡献

研究儿童的认知结构、揭示儿童的智慧发展规律,一直是心理学孜孜不懈地追求。在皮亚杰（JeanPiaget,1896—1980）研究的早期和中期,心理学占主导地位的是行为主义心理学、格式塔心理学和弗洛伊德主义心理学,尽管皮亚杰受格式塔心理学的影响,更加关注认知结构在认知中的主导作用,但他反对行为主义心理学“刺激一反应”（S—R）的单向关系理论,     

改革开放30年中国心理学的发展

对改革开放三十年我国心理学发展进行回顾.目的是总结经验,了解过去,把握现在,谋划未来.这项工作,意义重大.从1978年至2008年中国心理学的发展可划分为重建期、稳步成长期和快速发展期三个阶段.改革开放30年中国心理学发展的基本经验是学术自由与园家的支持,自然科学研究取向与人文科学研究取向并举,人才培养与科学研究并重以及国际化与中国化的相互促进.中国心理学的来来将会对我国的社会发展以及人类的睿智、健康、幸福作出新的更大贡献.     

探索心理奥妙的新视角--《西方心理学研究新进展》读后

回顾心理学发展的百余年历史,在揭示人类心灵奥秘的历程上,可谓硕果累累。但心理学的发展也历经坎坷,走过了一条曲折的路。由于西方心理学主流对自然科学模式的过度追求,致使心理学研究与应用的深度和广度深受影响,现代心理学陷入危机与困境。自20世纪70年代以来,随着社会心理学的危机及对危机的反思,越来越多的心理学家意识到有必要重新审视心理学的研究,从人性的、整体的、社会的文化等多个维度,采取“话语分析”等多元方法进行研究。     

现代神经科学发展述略

现代神经科学的产生是神经解剖学、神经生物化学、神经生理学等传统生物学科与神经心理学、认知心理学等行为科学之间不断融合的结果。在神经科学产生与发展历程中,有许多值得研究总结的方法论问题。     

The Neurodynamics of Cognition: A Tutorial on Computational Cognitive Neuroscience

Computational Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN) is a new field that lies at the intersection of computational neuroscience, machine learning, and neural network theory (i.e., connectionism). The ideal CCN model should not make any assumptions that are known to contradict the current neuroscience literature and at the same time provide good accounts of behavior and at least some neuroscience data (e.g., single-neuron activity, fMRI data). Furthermore, once set, the architecture of the CCN network and the models of each individual unit should remain fixed throughout all applications. Because of the greater weight they place on biological accuracy, CCN models differ substantially from traditional neural network models in how each individual unit is modeled, how learning is modeled, and how behavior is generated from the network. A variety of CCN solutions to these three problems are described. A real example of this approach is described, and some advantages and limitations of the CCN approach are discussed.     

认知神经科学:其特点及对心理科学的影响

1　引言近年来 ,认知神经科学 (cognitiveneuroscience)在国际心理学界、神经科学界被屡屡提及 ,其发展势头之迅猛使其成为 2 0世纪最后 10年心理学研究的一个重要方向。认知神经科学旨在阐明心理活动尤其是人类心理活动的脑基础(theneuralbasesofthemind) ,以揭示心理与脑的关系。这一特色是其被广泛关注的一个重要原因。但是 ,认知神经科学的这一目标并非现在才有。早在 1819年 ,Gall (175 8-182 8)和他的学生Spurzheim (1776 - 1832 )提出的所谓“颅相学”(phrenology)可算是朝此目标努力的一次大胆尝试。他们的努力无疑是失败的 ,因为…     

Behaviorism and Unity in Psychology

The defining feature of behaviorism is that it works with publicly observable stimuli and responses. One version, stimulus-response behaviorism, predicts responses from stimuli or situations. Another version, response-response behaviorism, predicts targeted responses from other responses. Unobservable mental states are intervening variables—hypothetical constructs if they have postulated material existence—that mediate these relationships. Cognition, affect, and reaction tendency are the major conceptual categories in this psychology. Its basic axioms state that behavior is (a) a function of enduring potentials for and temporary instigation to action, (b) controlled by excitation and inhibition, and (c) a blend of coping in situations in which organisms have control and adaptation in situations in which control is lacking. This view offers the hope of bringing unity to psychology.     

Reflections on Psychoanalysis,Peer Review and Evidence

During these times, when society wants "evidence" that treatments are effective, ethical and cost effective, quality assurance and evidence-based medicine have become catchwords. The powers that be place their hopes on them when they find that they have to prioritize forms of treatment. There are different attempts to define these concepts and there are different approaches, most of them based on quantitative studies. This article describes a different approach. It also discusses how you can use the model for peer review among psychoanalytical colleagues as a qualitative study and a base for both quality assurance and a learning process. It also has its place in any formulation of 'evidence' for psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.     

发展的认知神经科学--神经科学与认知发展研究的融合点

本文介绍了发展的神经科学自 2 0世纪 80年代以来在早期突触形成、关键期及丰富环境对脑发育的影响等领域的一些突出成就 ,阐述了从神经科学与认知发展共同研究的主题来考察两个学科的整合的意义 ,并对发展的认知神经科学研究的未来趋势作了展望。     

A Century of Psychoanalysis: Critical Retrospect and Prospect

Abstract

The distinction between having mode and being mode would seem to be the basis of the Frommian clinical approach, which finds its main application in the “center-to-center” relatedness between analyst and patient. The analyst can understand the patient because he/she experiences what the patient experiences. The dialogue is based on emotional and conceptual responses and reactions which are reciprocally communicated; both identities come into play. Psychoanalytic treatment which is not inspired by biophilia can only compile an inventory of data upon data, imposing interpretations and reconstructions. Biophilia makes psychoanalysis an art because it is applied to living things. The psychoanalytic session can save itself from the having mode by addressing the patient's living memory, which represents the past relived in the present, according to the being mode. The author comments on a psychoanalytic session.     

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging and Culture

ABSTRACT— Research into the cognitive neuroscience of aging has revealed exciting and unexpected changes to the brain over the lifespan. However, studies have mostly been conducted on Western populations, raising doubts about the universality of age-related changes. Cross-cultural investigation of aging provides a window into the stability of changes with age due to neurobiology, as well as into the flexibility of aging due to life experiences that impact cognition. Behavioral findings suggest that different cultures process distinct aspects of information and employ diverse information-processing strategies. The study of aging allows us to identify those age-related neural changes that persist across cultures as well as the changes that are driven by culture-specific life experiences.     

Controversies and Conflicts in the Institution of "Open" Psychoanalysis: Cases from the History of the Therapeia Foundation

The institution of psychoanalysis has included controversies, dissensions and expulsions at both the theoretical-methodological and personal-organizational levels. There have also been several intra- and intergroup conflicts in the history of psychoanalysis, and in constructing and patterning the future of psychoanalytic knowledge. In the context of Finnish psychoanalysis, the Therapeia Foundation (founded in 1958) met from the start with resistance from official psychiatry and also from the IPA. For example, in the mid-1960s, D. W. Winnicott, as the President of the IPA, supported the orthodox Finnish psychoanalytic study group (later to become the Finnish Psychoanalytical Society), and pronounced that the Therapeia group was too loose and was not strictly able to use the IPA-recognized designation "psychoanalytic." The Therapeia Foundation and its Training Seminar combined classical psychoanalysis and its new versions with existentialphenomenological views, anthropological medicine, research on "social pathology" and even modern theological research. On the basis of their Swiss analytic training, three Finnish psychiatrists, Martti Siirala, Kauko Kaila and Allan Johansson, organized Therapeian training to incorporate sciences and arts, and skills involving the therapeutic "carrying" of burdens. The multifacted nature of open psychoanalysis was seen to find its proper organizational expression when the Training Seminar of the Therapeia Foundation became, in 1974, a Member of the IFPS.