整体加工方式下面孔结构与特征关系

探讨面孔整体性加工方式下结构信息和特征信息加工之间的关系。通过聚焦窗口技术在结构信息和特征信息的权变过程中考察二者对面孔整体性加工的影响, 从而进一步确定两类信息的加工关系模式。结果表明: 面孔以整体的方式进行加工; 结构信息加工系统和特征信息加工系统两者并行存在, 在当前实验任务中两类信息加工之间为竞争关系; 面孔以结构信息加工为主还是以特征信息加工为主取决于两类信息在当前任务中提取和加工难度。     

梦中脑内信息加工的讨论

用信息加工的观点讨论梦中脑内信息加工的特点 ,认为梦中脑内信息加工多数是浅的自动加工 ,既有串行加工又有并行加工 ,而进入梦境的信息是串行加工的。     

医学模式转变在实践上为何滞后

医学模式转变问题提出至今已近２０年,但在实践中,医学模式并没有转变。对于医学模式转变,人们在理论上、观念上的创新、接受与在实践上、实际行动中的保守、拒挡,形成了鲜明的反差和不协调。本文对医学模式转变在实践上滞后的实践成因、理论责任、医学教育模式未同步转变等问题进行了分析,并提出应针对医学校式转变在实践上滞后开展对策研究。     

生存质量研究与医学模式的转变

生存质量研究与医学模式的转变第一军医大学附属南方医院消化科（广州５１０５１５）张立力张振书严金海人的寿命由两部分组成：生存的数量和生存的质量。现代医学模式的转变使得医学工作者不再只靠测量病人的生存时间长短来评价医疗效果,而是越来越多地采用了生存质量的...     

医改与医学模式转变

最近 ,国务院办公厅批转了国务院体改办等八部门共同制定的《关于城镇医药卫生体制改革的指导意见》 ,提出了一系列的卫生改革措施 ,我们认为这个文件较全面地把卫生改革的基本原则 ,主要内容概括在内 ,是一个指导性很强的文件。但其中一个较为重要的内容并没有指出 ,即新的医学模式如何在改革中得到贯彻、体现。我认为 ,医改与医学模式转变之间有着不可分割的联系。医改是医学模式转变的必然要求 ,是落实医学模式转变的契机 ;医改有利于新医学模式的发展 ,应该促进医学模式在理论和实践上的转变。1　医学进步 :医改与医学模式转变殊途同归…     

小学生概括不同类型记叙文主题的心理加工过程的研究

中文考察小学生概括两类记叙文主题的信息加工过程,分为两步,第一步考察小学生概括主题的阅读过程,探讨不同年级的小学生在有或无概括主题任务的情况下进行阅读的特点。第二步是概括主题的口头报告分析,主要研究小学生概括文章主题的信息加工过程。根据要求从广州市某小学二、四、六年级学生中分别选出两步研究的被试,实施实验方案。结果表明：１．低年级学生的自然阅读过程主要是单一的语言解码信息加工活动,高年级学生的阅读过程可以同时进行语音解码与组织连贯的信息加工活动;２．小学生对记叙文的主题的概括过程,一般经过语言解码,组织连贯,文章命题网络的整理与收敛,验证调整等四项信息加工活动,学生对一事表人与多事表人的两类典型的记叙文主题概括的信息加工过程基本相同,不过在文章网络的整理与收敛这个关键性的环节的具体进程有一定的差异。     

医学模式的转变促进四个统一

医学模式的转变促进四个统一广东医学院（湛江５２４０２３）王小燕生物医学模式向生物心理社会医学模式转变,辩证地揭示人的健康与疾病的规律,准确地反映了人的三重属性,从哲学的高度看待人体与人类,是辩证唯物主义的医学观,促进以下四方面的统一。一、人的生命存在...     

儿童青少年的信息加工及其脑机制研究

对十多年来儿童青少年信息加工发展的机制以及脑机制的研究进行了总结,采用减法反应、指数函数、双曲线函数、微观发生设计、横断设计、脑超慢波等方法,研究了信息加工速度、信息加工策略、信息加工的空间、信息加工的脑机制等问题,对信息加工的发展机制、内部过程进行了讨论,并提出了信息加工的模型和策略发展的模型.     

脑内信息加工的不连续性假说

根据阅读眼动的实验资料 ,提出脑内信息加工的时间不连续性假说 ,认为脑内加工相继信息间存在暂时性中断。最近观察到的注意间隙现象为这一假说提供了新的实验证据。     

视知觉无意识加工的脑机制及其研究进展

本文从脑的解剖和功能结构、神经网络联结及其突触活动基础角度,对视知觉无意识加工脑内可能存在的信息加工方式进行了探讨。视知觉无意识加工既是一个不同特征在大脑的不同区域被平行分布加工的过程,也是一个涉及正向和反向的信息序列加工及意识与无意识相互转化的过程。     

语言系统对不同数量系统的影响机制

已有研究较一致地发现语言加工系统对不同的数量加工系统起到不同作用, 表现为语言不影响概略数量和小数加工系统, 主要影响大数的精确加工系统。然而, 其影响机制并不明确。新近几年采用跟踪测验、语言转换、同语言内语音长度操控、双任务等范式来探索数量加工对语言依赖性的行为和脑机制研究。但结论不完全一致。通过记忆中介的视角可以为这些不一致提供新的解释。未来相关研究的思路应包括跟踪语言关键期幼儿的数量系统发展轨迹, 注意区分在记忆不同层面(长时/短时)中介下语言系统对数量系统的影响, 关注语义句法等对数量系统的作用, 以及深入了解基础四则运算的认知神经机制。     

A Comparison of Single-Step and Multiple-Step Transition Analyses of Multiattribute Decision Strategies

Evaluating information is a fundamental component of multiattribute decision making that can be guided by one of many cognitive strategies. Considerable research has examined the factors that influence strategy selection; however, the identification of strategies remains problematic. The search sequence or transitions that a decision maker uses when searching a matrix of decision information can provide important clues to the strategy guiding the processing of decision information. The most common form of strategy analysis is to examine each transition from one piece of information to the next to establish whether these transitions are primarily alternative or attribute based. However, the resulting single-step transition indices often restrict strategy identification to a quantitative measure of compensatoriness and were found to provide conflicting results for the same search data. The current paper proposes a multiple-step transition analysis that records more complex, longer transitions to provide a multivariate profile of the strategy. Empirical support for the advantages of a multiple-step transition analysis over single-step transition indices is also provided.     

Stages of change in fruit intake: A longitudinal examination of stability,stage transitions and transition profiles

The present study examined stability and transitions in Transtheoretical stages of change for fruit intake in an adult cohort of 735 individuals not exposed to a planned intervention. Six assessments took place within a four-month period with varying time intervals using electronic questionnaires, measuring fruit intake, stage of change and demographic characteristics. Precontemplation and maintenance were the most stable stages of change, while preparation was the least stable. Longer time intervals showed lower stability, but frequent stage transitions also occurred in shorter time intervals. Seven transition profiles were distinguished. Sequences within transition profiles mostly showed stage transitions to adjacent stages, independent of the interval duration. Differences in fruit intake, age, level of education and ethnicity were found between different transition profiles. Stability rates and most transition sequences largely support the Transtheoretical Model. Results indicating potential deviations from the model, e.g. short-term stage instability and stage transition profiles not in accordance with the Transtheoretical Model are discussed.     

记忆源检测的双加工机制研究

本研究借鉴Mitchell等人的图词归源和早晚归源任务,引发启发式和系统式加工,并引入知觉流畅性变量,试图在知觉层面上分离两种加工的底层工作模式。结果发现:(1)源检测具有相对脆弱性,成绩显著差于再认。(2)启发式加工和系统式加工在加工速度和底层工作模式上分离,启发式加工速度快,其工作模式似乎是对刺激的知觉流畅性进行阈下水平的解释与归因,而系统式加工速度慢,其工作模式似乎是对意义的分析与推理。     

Retrieval processing and episodic memory

The emergence of brain imaging has had a major impact on research into the cognitive and neural bases of human memory. An area in which this impact has been particularly strong is retrieval processing - the processes engaged when attempting to retrieve information during a memory test. Several different classes of retrieval process - such as 'mode', 'effort' and 'success' - have been invoked to account for findings from neuroimaging studies of episodic retrieval. In this article we discuss how these different kinds of process, along with a fourth kind associated with 'retrieval orientation', can be investigated in brain imaging experiments. We then review studies of retrieval processing, and assess how well their designs match up to our proposed criteria for dissociating the neural correlates of different classes of retrieval process. We conclude that few studies have used designs that permit these different kinds of process to be independently identified, and that presently there is little evidence to indicate which kinds of processing can be fractionated in terms of their neural correlates.     

信息加工效率与阅读的关系研究

对23名大学生进行知觉广度、记忆广度和阅读理解的多项测验,探求知觉、记忆加工效率与不同语言阅读成绩和阅读眼动特性之间的关系。结果发现：低水平的视觉符号方向信号知觉广度与阅读不存在明显的关系,从眼跳幅度指标上反映出右侧知觉广度大的被试对第二语言加工难度更为敏感。短时记忆和工作记忆能力对阅读的影响主要反映在眼跳幅度方面,与单个注视点获取的信息量有关,但与课文理解水平的关系不明显。短时记忆能力强的被试在眼跳幅度上以及第二语言言语工作记忆弱的被试在注视时间上均出现语言差异效应。     

基于神经元群选择理论的脑信息处理模型研究

从认识论的角度,分析了国内外脑机能模型的研究概况。总结脑信息处理的三个特性:选择性、适应性及协同性,并论述了涵盖此三个特性的神经元群选择理论。基于神经元群选择理论,提出神经元群的三种类型,并据此建立脑信息处理的模型。     

Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood: Perspectives From Adolescence Through Midlife

Conceptions of the transition to adulthood were examined among adolescents (age 13–19, N = 171), emerging adults (age 20–29, N = 179), and young-to-midlife adults (age 30–55, N = 165). The focus was on whether conceptions of the transition to adulthood would be different among young-to-midlife adults compared to the younger age groups. In all age groups, individualistic criteria were the most likely to be considered important markers of the transition to adulthood, specifically accepting responsibility for one's actions, deciding on one's beliefs and values, establishing an equal relationship with parents, and becoming financially independent. However, young-to-midlife adults were less likely than adolescents to consider biological transitions to be important, and more likely than adolescents or emerging adults to view norm compliance (such as avoiding drunk driving) as a necessary part of the transition to adulthood. In all three groups, role transitions (e.g., marriage) ranked lowest in importance.     

Working memory(s).

Working memory is variously defined as a set of linked and interacting information processing components that maintain information in a short-term store (or retrieve information into that store) for the purpose of the active manipulation of the stored items. The purpose of the this Special Issue is to present data relevant to the question of the functional organization of working memory. In this Introduction we review the two models of working memory and suggest that some of the similarities may be more apparent than real. We further suggest that the two models describe different systems that are specialized for different kinds of stimuli and for different kinds of information processing.     

Cognitive control in cued task switching with transition cues: Cue processing,task processing,and cue–task transition congruency

We investigated the processes underlying performance during cued task switching with transition cues. To this end, transition cueing and explicit cueing were compared in a design controlling for sequential effects in the two preceding trials in order to further examine the contribution of cue processes, task processes, and cue–task transition congruency during transition cueing. The study confirmed that the task-switch cost in transition cueing is larger than the task-switch cost in explicit cueing and showed that this larger switch cost is mainly due to cue processing. We also successfully decomposed performance in transition cueing into cue processing, task processing, and cue–task transition congruency on both a theoretical (Experiment 1) and an empirical basis (Experiments 2–3). Our empirical dissociation also demonstrates that cue–task transition congruency affects performance during both cue processing and task processing. We discuss the importance of our findings in relation to the different theories on task switching.