STUDIES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACES AND ROOMS

To test the hypothesis that perceived size of space depends on perceived depth, a relation between judged depth and size of space was derived. External spaces were judged from colour photographs by the magnitude estimation method. It was found that judged depth is a power function of physical depth and judged size of space a power function of physical size (rectangular area) or of judged depth times perceived width. The results indicate deviations from the derived relation and some explanations for these are discussed. Further research is needed to verify the proposed hypothesis.     

STUDIES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACES AND ROOMS

G arling T. Studies in visual perception of architectural spaces and rooms. V. Aesthetic preferences. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972. 13 , 222–227.—Depicted urban spaces were rated by 24 subjects with respect to pleasantness. The results for colour photographs, 'detailed' and 'undetailed' perspective drawings were compared. As a common basis for aesthetic preferences, the factors 'variation', 'umbrageousness' and 'openness' were suggested. These factors accounted for 69 % of the variance in multiple linear regression.     

STUDIES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACES AND ROOMS: II. Judgments of open and closed space by category rating and magnitude estimation

G ärling , T. Studies in visual perception of architectural spaces and rooms. II. Judgments of open and closed space by category rating and magnitude estimation. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 257–268.—In one experiment, colour photographs of architectural spaces were employed as stimuli and judged with respect to open and closed space. Category scales of open and closed were complementary, magnitude scales were reciprocal. Judged open space correlated positively and judged closed space negatively with physical size of actual spaces. In another experiment, judged size was found to be directly related to judged open space and inversely related to judged closed space. Furthermore, open and closed space judged in situ correlated to a significant degree with corresponding judgments from photographs.     

STUDIES OF PERCEPTION AND REASONING IN ZAMBIAN CHILDREN

Perception et raisonnement chez les enfants zambiens. — l'A. présente une série de recherches expérimentales qui ont été réalisées ou récemment entreprises par l'Unité de Recherche sur le Développement humain de l'Université de Zambie, dans les domaines de la perception et du raisonnement. II attire l'attention sur ce qu'impliquent, pour tout travail expérimental dans ces deux domaines, les limites qui interviennent du fait de la culture et de la langue, dans la communication qui est faite au sujet du stimulus ou de la tâche requise, et ceci particulièrement quand il s'agit d'enfants qui ont ou vont avoir l'âge de commencer l'école. Dans la mesure où ces difficultés peuvent être réellement surmontées, ce qui a été réalisé jusqu'à maintenant montre quel défi et quelle occasion représente pour la psychologie expérimentale le travail dans des pays en voie de développement. II s'avère également qu'il faut s'attendre à un important décalage temporel avant qu'un changement à large échelle ne puisse prendre place dans les stimuli et les motivations du milieu traditionnel.     

PSYCHOPHYSICAL RELATIONS IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF LENGTH, AREA AND VOLUME

E kman , G., and J unge , K. Psychophysical relations in visual perception of length, area and volume. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1961, 2 , 1–10. — Subjective length, area and volume as functions of the corresponding stimulus variables were studied in three experiments. The exponents of the psychophysical power functions scattered around 1 for perception of 'real' space. For perspective drawings of cubes and spheres, however, the exponents were about 0.75. From a further analysis of the data it was tentatively concluded that perspective and shadow are insufficient cues to visual volume, and that the subjective scale reflects perception of area rather than volume, especially in the case of small stimuli.     

A PARADOX IN THE PERCEPTION OF LUMINANCE GRADIENTS. I

Under certain conditions subjects looking at a luminance gradient report a physically darker part of the gradient to be brighter than an adjacent area of higher luminance. This brightness paradox was studied in a series of experiments using a magnitude estimation method. The main results were that both the changing sign of the second derivative of the luminance function (Mach's hypothesis) and the higher or lower luminance of an adjacent area (McDougall's drainage theory) are critical conditions for the appearance of the paradox. In the present study none of these conditions per se resulted in a brightness paradox.     

TRANSITIVITY OF ODOR PREFERENCES: CONSTANT AND PARTICULARITIES IN HEDONIC PERCEPTION

Transitivity of preferences has been investigated for a long time in decision‐making. In the field of perception, the pleasantness of odors raises several questions related to individual versus cultural or universal preferences and the existence of a classification in a delimited hedonic space. The aim of this study was to test transitivity in olfactory hedonicity using a first panel of 10 mixed odors and a second panel of 10 odors from a delimited floral category. Data were collected by paired comparisons in a two‐alternative forced choice. Results in both panels showed a strong transitivity for each participant leading to a linear range of 10 odors classified by preference. However, ranges varied from one participant to another and the mean preferences of the group did not allow one to infer individual's hedonic classification of odors. Moreover, the individual classification appeared stable over time and undisturbed by odorant distractors. These findings suggest that humans have considerable ability to classify odors hedonically as a model of individual preferences in a sensory space usually considered to be more involved in affective/emotional states than in cognitive performances.     

PERCEPTION OF SOCIALIZATION ROLES: A STUDY OF ISRAELI MOTHERS IN TOWN AND KIBBUTZ*

Variations in mothers' role perceptions were studied as a function of (a) the amount of time mothers spend with their children, and (b) the cultural ideology of childrearing that assigns to the mother either sole or shared responsibility for socialization. Four groups of Israeli mothers of toddlers were studied. Among nuclear family mothers 21 had children in nursery school, and 22 had children in fulltime daycare. Among kibbutz mothers 23 lived on Familial kibbutzim where children slept at home, and 22 lived on Communal kibbutzim where children slept apart from their parents. Questionnaires assessed mothers' perceptions of mother and caregiver influence and their use of disciplinary and nurturant techniques. Whereas amount of time did not contribute to variations in role perceptions, childrearing ideology (sole vs shared socialization responsibility) showed strong effects. In accord with nuclear family ideology, daycare mothers perceived mothers as more influential and as using more of all socializing techniques than caregivers. In accord with their ideology of shared responsibilities, kibbutz mothers perceived caregivers to be as influential as mothers. Further, as specified by kibbutz ideology, kibbutz mothers reported that they used nurturance more and disciplinary techniques less than caregivers. The importance of cultural ideology on parents' role perceptions is discussed.     

THE CRISIS OF HISTORICISM: AND THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEANING IN NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES

The rapid rise of varieties of historicism in Germany, during the mid‐ to late‐nineteenth century, and subsequently in England and America, resulted in a radical transformation of the principles of coherence and methods of analysis within biblical studies. 1 This paper will argue that the foundational ‘subject/object’ metaphysics of historicism has been subverted over the past century. For this reason, historical positivism should no longer be accorded the status of ‘normative paradigm’ and ‘gatekeeper’ over and against other interpretive approaches. This paper next lays out five principles for a renewed practice of historical inquiry. It argues, first, that historical inquiry continues to serve a vital function within biblical studies in its ability to call attention to historical difference, and, thereby, to contribute to a strategy of resistance to ideology and to totalizing theories; second, that the traditional appeal to historical ‘context’ and ‘author’ in the interpretation of texts continues to be a useful practice – despite the provisional and constructed nature of both – as a way of taking into account extra‐lingual reference and of avoiding presentism; third, that the substitution of new ‘grand narratives’ of Christian origins in place of the (quasi‐theological) ‘historical’ narrative of traditional Christianity – under the claim of historical objectivity – should be abandoned because the very concept of ‘origins’ is the result of a literalizing of a metaphor. Such totalizing narratives always reduce history's inherent polycentricism. Fourth, I will argue that the continued use of historicism in the antiquarian attempt to reconstruct the past, disconnected from both a quest for social justice and a desire for personal self‐creation, represents a form of thought that alienates scholars from themselves and from their real material contexts. Finally, and following on the previous point, this paper submits that the practice of historical analysis has an ethical dimension by virtue of the fact that the personhood of the biblical historian is indissolubly linked to other dimensions of life including the social and ethical aspects of life. These added dimensions complicate the making of choices, which is implicit within all practices of interpretation. These five principles are here suggested as points of departure for the reconceptualization of the scope and function of historical inquiry within the discipline of New Testament studies.     

遗忘症患者外显与内隐记忆实验研究:语义性启动效应任务

采用ＷＭＳ—ＣＲ和ＭＭＳＥ对临床脑损伤患者进行了认知功能与记忆功能两方面的筛选,获得９名遗忘症患者。然后采用偏好和自由联想两项语义性启动效应任务进行测验,发现遗忘症患者在外显记忆受损情况下,的确存在语义性启动效应,且与正常对照相近。推论语义性启动效应任务与遗忘患者损伤的颞叶或间脑结构无关。同时还讨论了启动效应任务,认为偏好任务采用言语性材料不是理想的方法。     

THE VISUAL CLIFF'S FORGOTTEN MENAGERIE: RATS,GOATS, BABIES,AND MYTH‐MAKING IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk's famous visual cliff experiment is one of psychology's classic studies, included in most introductory textbooks. Yet the famous version which centers on babies is actually a simplification, the result of disciplinary myth‐making. In fact the visual cliff's first subjects were rats, and a wide range of animals were tested on the cliff, including chicks, turtles, lambs, kid goats, pigs, kittens, dogs, and monkeys. The visual cliff experiment was more accurately a series of experiments, employing varying methods and a changing apparatus, modified to test different species. This paper focuses on the initial, nonhuman subjects of the visual cliff, resituating the study in its original experimental logic, connecting it to the history of comparative psychology, Gibson's interest in comparative psychology, as well as gender‐based discrimination. Recovering the visual cliff's forgotten menagerie helps to counter the romanticization of experimentation by focusing on the role of extrascientific factors, chance, complexity, and uncertainty in the experimental process.     

Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: I. Two Basic Principles of Judgment

The psychological test performance of 10 seven-year-old boys from an isolated, rural Guatemalan village was compared with ratings of their intelligence made by 42 adult village members. The adults' judgments were found to correlate strongly with the children's performance on the Embedded Figures, Verbal Analogies, and Memory-for-Designs Tests.