心律失常发生的性别差异

临床中某些心律失常的发生具有性别差异.女性同男性相比,其平均静息心率快,QT间期长,QRS波群时间短,QRS电压低.女性有更高的病态窦房结综合征、不适当性窦性心动过速、房室结折返性心动过速、右室特发性室速和长QT间期综合征引起的心律失常事件的发生率.而男性房宣传导阻滞、颈动脉窦综合征、、房颤、旁路导致的室上性心动过速、预激综合征、室颤、猝死、Brugada综合征和触发型室速的发生率高.这些差异有的与心律失常伴发的器质性心脏病男女发生率不同有关,另外性激素对离子通道的功能、表达的影响以及自主神经张力的差异在这些差异的产生中也具有重要作用.了解这些差异对女性心律失常处理具有重要的指导作用.     

重视非抗心律失常药物的致心律失常作用

抗心律失常药物的致心律失常作用近年来已得到心血管科医生的广泛关注,但在临床实践中观察,对于一些非抗心律失常药,如抗生素、精神类药物等,在发挥他们相应的药理效应同时,可引起心动过缓、心动过速、传导阻滞,甚至致命性心律失常,而其致心律失常效应往往没有引起关注,强化非心脏药物致心律失常作用的意识,了解其可能的机制及促发因素都是必要的.     

重视非抗心律失常药物的致心律失常作用

抗心律失常药物的致心律失常作用近年来已得到心血管科医生的广泛关注,但在临床实践中观察,对于一些非抗心律失常药,如抗生素、精神类药物等,在发挥他们相应的药理效应同时,可引起心动过缓、心动过速、传导阻滞,甚至致命性心律失常,而其致心律失常效应往往没有引起关注,强化非心脏药物致心律失常作用的意识,了解其可能的机制及促发因素都是必要的。     

心理应激致心律失常的研究探讨

心理应激致心律失常的研究探讨大连理论医学研究所（１１６０１３）刘音应激是一个在内涵和外延上比情绪反应更广的概念。引起应激的刺激物通常被称为应激源：可分为外源性和内源性。外源性包括心理、社会、文化和环境因素;内源性主要指躯体本身的变化。现实生活中每一个...     

抑郁和焦虑与心律失常

焦虑抑郁广泛存在于各种心血管疾病中已成共识。心律失常患者合并心理问题在临床上十分常见,焦虑抑郁导致的自主神经对心脏的调节失衡会进一步促使心律失常的发生与发展。对于非器质性心脏病,β受体阻滞剂与抗焦虑药物合用有很好的疗效;器质性心脏病患者并发心律失常时患者的焦虑抑郁会进一步加重,甚至导致恶性室性心律失常的发生,增加器质性心脏病患者的病死率;心律失常介入治疗引起的焦虑抑郁更为常见。临床上对焦虑抑郁症状要有充分的重视,积极识别并诊断,以期进一步提高心律失常患者的生活质量,减少病死率。     

中学生性别心理差异的研究

一、研究背景性别心理差异的研究很早就引起了社会学家、心理学家的兴趣。在研究的早期,人们普遍认为女性的智力差于男性,但很快就被一些调查研究资料所否定了。于是一些人便转而认为男女在智力水平高低上没有显著差异,而只是在智力类别上有差异.例如,格林和爱丁1982年的研究表明,女孩的阅读、文学和音乐成绩较男孩好,而男孩的自然科学和数学成绩较女孩好。到了六七十年代开始出现了另一种观点,该观点认为男女性没有不同的能力,但男女性对自己的能力有不同的看法,表现在诸如成功期望、失败归     

食管癌术后心律失常相关因素分析

为了探讨影响食管癌术后心律失常的相关因素,观察了术后心律失常的发生与患者年龄（≥65岁）、性别、吸烟、术前合并症、肺功能、心电图（EKG）改变、低血钾、术后24小时失血量及手术方式的关系。结果显示,318例食管癌术后心律失常发生率为47．48％。年龄（≥65岁）、FEV1／FVC≤70%和／或MVV％≤60％、术前ECG异常、术前血钾≤4．0mmol／L、术后24小时失血≥500ml及手术方式与术后心律失常的发生相关。提示术前改善低心肺功能、纠正低血钾、减少术中出血,高龄患者和多切口手术方式者术后加强监护,可预防和减少术后心律失常发生。     

食管癌术后心律失常相关因素分析

为了探讨影响食管癌术后心律失常的相关因素,观察了术后心律失常的发生与患者年龄(≥65岁)、性别、吸烟、术前合并症、肺功能、心电图(EKG)改变、低血钾、术后24小时失血量及手术方式的关系.结果显示,318例食管癌术后心律失常发生率为47.48%.年龄(≥65岁)、FEVl/FVC≤70%和/或MVV%≤60%、术前ECG异常、术前血钾≤4.0mmol/L、术后24小时失血≥500ml及手术方式与术后心律失常的发生相关.提示术前改善低心肺功能、纠正低血钾、减少术中出血,高龄患者和多切口手术方式者术后加强监护,可预防和减少术后心律失常发生.     

Gender Differences in the Social Cost of Affective Deviance

The current study tested whether men and women receive different degrees of social punishment for violating norms of emotional expression. Participants watched videos of male and female targets (whose reactions were pre-tested to be equivalent in expressivity and valence) viewing either a positive or negative slideshow, with their emotional reaction to the slideshow manipulated to be affectively congruent, affectively incongruent, or flat. Participants then rated the target on a number of social evaluation measures. Displaying an incongruent emotional expression, relative to a congruent one, harmed judgments of women more than men. Women are expected to be more emotionally expressive than men, making an incongruent expression more deviant for women. These results highlight the importance of social norms in construing another person’s emotion displays, which can subsequently determine acceptance or rejection of that person.     

Gender Differences in Depression

From early adolescence through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression. Many different explanations for this gender difference in depression have been offered, but none seems to fully explain it. Recent research has focused on gender differences in stress responses, and in exposure to certain stressors. I review this research and describe how gender differences in stress experiences and stress reactivity may interact to create women's greater vulnerability to depression.     

Anger and aggression during role-playing: Gender differences between hormonally treated male and female transsexuals and controls

A role-playing study on anger was conducted in order to identify the influence of sex hormones on individual and gender differences in irritation, anger arousal, and aggression. Different groups were studied: female-to-male and male-to-female transsexuals, with either group tested after 3 months of cross-sex hormone treatment, and untreated control women and men. All subjects were exposed to a 35-min videotape of an individual tested in an aversive, physically stressful, and frustrating situation in the laboratory. While watching, subjects were asked to imagine being in the same situation. Meanwhile, cardiovascular responses were registered and the intensity of moods and aggressive behaviour were assessed. Apart from a clear effect upon cardiovascular arousal and anger-related moods, there were also some interesting differences between the four groups, the most interesting one being a stronger aggressive response in the female-to-male transsexuals. Furthermore, interesting information was gathered with respect to the issue of whether role-playing and actual experimentation provide valid tests of anger and aggression in real life. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

共情的性别差异

共情指的是个体在与人交往的过程中共享并理解他人的情绪状态的倾向, 包括认知共情和情绪共情两种成分。共情在学前阶段没有性别差异。进入中小学阶段以后, 共情出现了性别差异。一方面, 共情的性别差异与个体自身的生理成熟有关。随着年龄增长, 两性逐渐趋向生理成熟, 荷尔蒙分泌增加并出现差异, 其中催产素有助于情绪共情, 睾丸酮则与认知共情有负相关, 两性的共情水平也因此有了显著差异。另一方面, 共情的性别差异与社会性别角色倾向有关。女性的性别角色以关注他人为导向, 与共情有直接相关, 男性的性别角色以关注公平公正为导向, 与共情没有相关。当两性习得各自的性别角色以后, 他们的共情表现就出现了差异, 这一差异在情绪共情方面较为突出。有关共情性别差异的研究虽然取得了丰富的成果, 但仍然有进一步深入挖掘的空间, 未来的研究需要在视角上注重从年龄、性别和文化交互作用的角度进行考察, 在理论上考虑从能力和倾向性的维度区分共情, 在内容上丰富对影响性别差异的各项因素的研究。     

Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation

In recent years researchers have paid particularly close attention to factors that might differentially influence smoking cessation outcomes in men and women. The present paper reviews empirical findings on gender differences in smoking cessation with focus on 1) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), 2) depression and anxiety factors, 3) post-cessation weight gain and body-shape concerns, 4) post-cessation withdrawal, and 5) the importance of social support during smoking cessation. The findings call for research to examine the effects of 1) booster sessions following the discontinuation of NRT, 2) depression-prevention interventions for smokers with a history of depression, 3) strategies to prevent weight gain and reduce concerns about weight gain, 4) initiating treatment early in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, and 5) social support variables in promoting or hindering smoking cessation success.     

数学成就的性别差异

数学成就的性别差异是多年来广受关注的问题。长期以来人们多关注男性、女性数学成就水平的高低, 而近年来研究结果一方面揭示出总体上男性和女性数学成就的平均水平差异很小, 呈现出相似性多于差异性的特点; 同时也显示男性内部变异比女性更大, 男性在高数学成就者中占多数。数学成就性别差异的大小和方向受到评分系统、测验组织形式、测验内容和难度的影响。数学成就性别差异的形成是心理、生物、社会文化等方面多因素综合作用的结果。近期研究探讨了年龄、遗传和进化、激素和脑、刻板印象威胁、社会性别公平和时代等因素在数学成就性别差异的形成中的作用。未来对数学成就性别差异的研究应注意开展追踪研究, 关注低数学能力者, 进一步探讨复杂数学加工机制的性别差异, 建立数学成就性别差异形成机制的综合模型, 并在更广阔的社会文化背景下开展研究。     

Gender Differences in Vivid Memories

Seventy-four adults (50% women) individually completed a memory questionnaire. They were given a definition of a flashbulb memory and were asked to describe their 3 most vivid memories. In addition, participants rated the described events for various characteristics (e.g., emotional load and personal importance) and provided their best estimate of the date of each event. Effects of gender on the content of vivid memories, their form, and their distribution were found. The influence of identity on the recollection of personal experiences and gender differences in the development of autobiographical memory are discussed.     

Gender Attitudes Mediate Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Adoption in Guatemala

Gender differences in gender role attitudes, including machismo, and attitudes toward adoption were studied in Guatemala, a country that provides a large number of children for international adoption. Guatemalan university students (N = 152) completed the machismo subscale of the Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs–short form (Cuéllar, Arnold, & González, 1995), the attitudes toward women scale for adolescents (Galambos, Peterson, Richards, & Gitelson, 1985), and an adoption beliefs scale developed for the present study. Men endorsed more machismo, more traditional gender role attitudes, and held less favorable attitudes toward adoption than women did. Gender differences in adoption attitudes were mediated by machismo and gender role attitudes. These results suggest that machismo and traditional gender role attitudes may serve as barriers in the promotion of intra-country adoption.     

Religious Fundamentalism and Gender Differences

The role of religious fundamentalism and its relationship to shame and guilt was evaluated in 107 students who attend a church-sponsored university. A number of personality measures were given and gender differences were analyzed. The role of externalization was similar for males in this sample to that of earlier studies. However, it was found that females showed positive correlations between externalization and both shame and guilt. For females, more fundamentalistic religious training may help to contribute to an external orientation at the expense of identifying with a personal religion, and appropriate guilt.