Immigrant skill utilization in the Canadian labour market: Implications of human capital research

The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human-capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: (a) lower immigrant skill quality, (b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and (c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work as native-born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro-data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was 15.0 billion, of which15.0 billion, of which 2.4 billion was related to skill underutilization, and 12.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality. < /div > < div class=Äbstract» < a name=Äbs2» < /a > La signification quantitative de la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées peut être évaluée, quoique sans précision, dans l￠analyse humain-capitale de revenus. Les déficits de revenus des immigrés peuvent surgir de: (a) la qualité immigrée inférieure de compétence, (b) sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées, et (c) injustices de salaire pour des immigrés faisant la même chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigènesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses études, données des micro-données 1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées est significative, cependant moins ainsi que le salaire 


 112.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality.     

The adequacy of the theories of deductive systems with respect to sentential calculi

Summary The sentential calculiR, under discussion, are axiomatizable and implication is among their primitive terms. The modus ponens and the rule of substitution are their primitive rules. ByS _r is denoted the set of sentences obtained from the formulae of the calculusR by substituting sentences of a given language for all variables. The variablesx, y, z ... represent the elements of the setS _r , the variablesX, Y, Z ... represent the subsets ofS _R . The formulacxy designates an implication withx as its antecedent andy as its consequent,cxy is always an element ofS _R δ(X) means, thatX is closed with respect to the modus ponens rule.A _R designates the class of allS _R -substitutions of the axioms of the sentential calculusR.     

Utilisation des compétences des immigrants sur le marché du travail au Canada: Répercussions de la recherche sur le capital humain

La signification quantitative de la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées peut être évaluée, quoique sans précision, dans l'analyse humain-capitale de revenus. Les déficits de revenus des immigrés peuvent surgir de: (a) la qualité immigrée inférieure de compétence, (b) sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées, et (c) injustices de salaire pour des immigrés faisant la même chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigènesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses études, données des micro-données 1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées est significative, cependant moins ainsi que le salaire inégal dans des métiers. En 1996 dollars, tout le déficit immigré annuel de revenus de chacune des trois sources était 15,0 milliards, dont15,0 milliards, dont 2,4 milliards ont été liés à la sous-utilisation de compétence, et 12,6 milliards ont été liés à l￠injustice de salaire. La discussion considère des ajustements à ces évaluations, tenant compte des difficultés mesurant les niveaux de compétence des métiers et de la qualité immigrée de compétence. < /div > < div class=Äbstract» < a name=Äbs2» < /a > The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human-capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: (a) lower immigrant skill quality, (b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and (c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work native-born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro-data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was12,6 milliards ont été liés à l'injustice de salaire. La discussion considère des ajustements à ces évaluations, tenant compte des difficultés mesurant les niveaux de compétence des métiers et de la qualité immigrée de compétence.     

Knowledge despite falsehood

I examine the claim, made by some authors, that we sometimes acquire knowledge from falsehood. I focus on two representative cases in which a subject S infers a proposition q from a false proposition p. If S knows that q, I argue, S's false belief that p is not essential to S's cognition. S's knowledge is instead due to S's belief that p′, a proposition in the neighbourhood of p that S (dispositionally) believes (and knows). S thus knows despite her false belief. The widely accepted and plausible principle that inferential knowledge requires known premises is unscathed.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed: Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered by Leora Batnitzky (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) x + 281 pp.
Reviewed by Charles T. Mathewes
Department of Religious Studies
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA 22904‐4126
SA Violence, Hospitality, and the Cross: Reappropriating the Atonement Tradition by Hans Boersma (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2004) + 288 pp.
Reviewed by Gladstone H. Stevens, S.S.
St. Mary's Seminary and University
5400 Roland Ave.
Baltimore, MD 21210
USA The Creativity of God: World, Eucharist, Reason by Oliver Davies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xi + 210 pp.
Reviewed by Matthew Levering
Ave Maria University
1025 Commons Circle
Naples, Florida 34119
USA Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003) xxii + 745 pp.
Reviewed by Stephen Fowl
Department of Theology
Loyola College in Maryland
4501 N. Charles Street
Baltimore, MD 21210
USA Culture and the Thomist Tradition after Vatican II by Tracey Rowland (London and New York: Routledge, 2003) xiv + 226 pp.
Reviewed by Joseph Wawrykow
Department of Theology
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana
46556
USA Spinoza's Revelation: Religion, Democracy, and Reason by Nancy K. Levene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xxii + 256pp.
Reviewed by Martin Kavka
Department of Religion
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL 32306‐1520
USA Religion and the Domestication of Dissent: Or How to Live in a Less than Perfect Nation by Russell T. McCutcheon (London: Equinox, 2005) xi + 123 pp.
Reviewed by Stefan Skrimshire
75 Rockdove Avenue
Hulme
Manchester
M15 5EH
UK Furthering Humanity: A Theology of Culture by Timothy Gorringe (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2004) vi + 283 pp.
Reviewed by J. Matthew Ashley
Department of Theology
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN 46556
USA Flannery O’Connor and the Christ‐Haunted South by Ralph C. Wood (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004) xii + 272 pp.
Reviewed by Frederick C. Bauerschmidt
Department of Theology
Loyola College
4501 N. Charles Street
Baltimore, MD 21210
USA     

Making the Quantum of Relevance

Summary  The two Heisenberg Uncertainties (UR) entail an incompatibility between the two pairs of conjugated variables E, t and p, q. But incompatibility comes in two kinds, exclusive of one another. There is incompatibility defineable as: (p → − q) & (q→ − p) or defineable as [(p →− q) & (q →− p)] ↔ r. The former kind is unconditional, the latter conditional. The former, in accordance, is fact independent, and thus a matter of logic, the latter fact dependent, and thus a matter of fact. The two types are therefore diametrically opposed.In spite of this, however, the existing derivations of the Uncertainties are shown here to entail both types of incompatibility simultaneously. Δ E Δ t ≥ h is known to derive from the quantum relation E = hν plus the Fourier relation Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1. And the Fourier relation assigns a logical incompatibility between Δ ν = 0, Δ t = 0. (Defining a repetitive phenomenon at an instant t → 0 is a self contradictory notion.) An incompatibility, therefore, which is fact independent and unconditional. How can one reconcile this with the fact that Δ EΔ t exists if and only if h > 0, which latter supposition is a factual truth, entailing that a Δ E = 0, Δ t = 0 incompatibility should itself be fact dependent? Are we to say that E and t are unconditionally incompatible (via Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1) on condition that E = hν is at all true? Hence, as presently standing, the UR express a self-contradicting type of incompatibility.To circumvent this undesirable result, I reinterpret E = hν as relating the energy with a period. Though only one such period. And not with frequency literally. (It is false that E = ν . It is true that E = ν times the quantum.) In this way, the literal concept of frequency does not enter as before, rendering Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1 inapplicable. So the above noted contradiction disappears. Nevertheless, the Uncertainties are derived. If energy is only to be defined over a period, momentum only over a distance (formerly a wavelength) resulting during such period, thus yielding quantized action of dimensions Et = pq, then energies will become indefinite at instants, momenta indefinite at points, leading, as demanded, to (symmetric!) Δ E Δ t = Δ p Δ q ≥ h’s.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: L. E. Keck et al. (eds), Numbers, Deuteronomy, Introduction to Narrative Literature, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1&2 Samuel S. E. Gillingham, One Bible, Many Voices: Different Approaches to Biblical Studies Michael D. Goulder, The Psalms of the Return (Book 5, Psalms 107–150): Studies in the Psalter IV James D. G. Dunn, T. & T. Clark, The Theology of Paul the Apostle D. Mendels, Identity, Religion and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History William Horbury, Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ James S. McLaren, Turbulent Times? Josephus and Scholarship on Judaea in the First Century CE J. Neusner and B. Chilton, Jewish-Christian Debates: God, Kingdom, Messiah Ben Pink Dandelion, Douglas Gwyn and Timothy Peat, Heaven on Earth: Quakers and the Second Coming Adnan Aslam, Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy: The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr W. Cantwell Smith, Believing: An Historical Perspective W. Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief: The Difference Between Them Norman Doe, Canon Law in the Anglican Communion: A Worldwide Perspective G. R. Evans, Discipline and Justice in the Church of England Alan Falconer (ed.), Faith and Order in Moshi: The 1996 Commission Meeting Lewis S. Mudge, The Church as Moral Community: Ecclesiology and Ethics in Ecumenical Debate T. F. Best and D. Hellar (eds), Eucharistic Worship in Ecumenical Contexts: The Lima Liturgy – And Beyond Timothy Bradshaw ed, Grace and Truth in the Secular Age José Comblin, Called for Freedom: The Changing Context of Liberation Theology Karen Kilby, Karl Rahner Rosemary Radford Ruether, Women and Redemption: A Theological History Ian Markham, Truth and the Reality of God: An Essay in Natural Theology Johannes A. van der Ven, Formation of the Moral Self Robin Gill (ed.), Euthanasia and the Churches Richard Swinburne, Providence and the Problem of Evil John Polkinghorne, Science and Theology: An Introduction John P. Burgess (ed.), In Whose Image? Faith, Science and the New Genetics Stephen Platten (ed.), Seeing Ourselves: Interpreting Contemporary Society Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo (eds), Religion Ursula King (ed.), Faith and Praxis in a Postmodern Age     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed: Christopher Bobonich, Plato's Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics John Capreolus, On The Virtues Miguel A. Badia Cabrera, Hume's Reflection on Religion Catherine Chalier, What Ought I to Do?: Morality in Kant and Levinas Keith Ansell‐Pearson and John Mullarkey, Henri Bergson: Key Writings Andrew Brook and Don Ross, Daniel Dennett Nancey Murphy, Brad J. Kallenberg, and Mark Thiessen Nation, Virtues and Practices in the Christian Tradition: Christian Ethics after MacIntyre William Lane Craig, God, Time, and Eternity Paul Copan and Paul K. Moser, The Rationality of Theism W. Norris Clarke, The One and the Many: A Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics Richard A. Cohen, Ethics, Exegesis and Philosophy: Interpretation after Levinas Simon Critchley and Robert Bernasconi, The Cambridge Companion to Levinas D. D. Raphael, Concepts of Justice Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions David Herbert, Religion and Social Transformations Robert H. Nelson, Economics as Religion; from Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond Edmondo F. Lupieri, The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics Antonía Tripolitis, Religions of the Hellenistic‐Roman Age James M. Scott, Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity: The Book of Jubilees David Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept Dianne Kirby, Religion and the Cold War Colin E. Gunton, The Christian Faith: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine Paul Williams, The Unexpected Way: On Converting from Buddhism to Catholicism Alan P. F. Sell, Confessing and Commending the Faith Thomas M. Kelly, Theology at the Void John David Dawson, Christian Figural Reading and the Fashioning of Identity Daniel Kendall and Stephen T. Davis, The Convergence of Theology: A Festschrift Honoring Gerald O'Collins, S.J. Bernard Hoose, Authority in the Roman Catholic Church Timothy Matovina and Gary Riebe‐Estrella, Horizons of the Sacred: Mexican Traditions in US Catholicism Kenneth J. Howell, God's Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr. and Jeffrey Paul, Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter? Ron Geaves, Continuum Glossary of Religious Terms     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: David C. Mitchell, The Message of the Psalter: An Eschatological Programme in the Book of Psalms Anthony R. Ceresko, Introduction to Old Testament Wisdom: A Spirituality for Liberation Roland E. Murphy, Proverbs (Word Biblical Commentary 22) Richard J. Coggins, Sirach (Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha) Alastair Hamilton, The Apocryphal Apocalypse: The Reception of the Second Book of Esdras (4 Ezra) from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment Gabriele Boccaccini, Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism Gerd Theissen, A Theory of Primitive Christian Religion Maurice Wiles, Reason to Believe Norman Kretzmann, The Metaphysics of Creation: Aquinas’ Natural Theology in ‘Summa Contra Gentiles’ II. John Bowlin, Contingency and Fortune in Aquinas’s Ethics Philip Lyndon Reynolds, Food and the Body: Some Peculiar Questions in High Medieval Theology John Booty, Reflections on the Theology of Richard Hooker: An Elizabethan Addresses Modern Anglicanism Stanley J. Grenz and John R. Franke, Beyond Foundationalism: Shaping Theology in a Postmodern Context F. LeRon Shults, The Postfoundationalist Task of Theology: Wolfhart Pannenberg and the New Theological Rationality. Charles Miller, The Gift of the World: An Introduction to the Theology of Dumitru St?niloae Emil Bartos, Deification in Eastern Orthodox Theology: An Evaluation and Critique of the Theology of Dumitru St?niloae Paul McPartlan, Sacrament of Salvation: An Introduction to Eucharistic Ecclesiology Sarah Curtis, Educating the Faithful Jolyon Mitchell, Visually Speaking: Radio and the Renaissance of Preaching T. G. Plante.(ed.), Bless Me Father for I Have Sinned: Perspectives on Sexual Abuse Committed by Roman Catholic Priests John Skorupski, Ethical Explorations Anne Thomson, Critical Reasoning in Ethics: A Practical Introduction Richard C. Bayer, Capitalism and Christianity: The Possibility of Christian Personalism John Douglas Bishop.(ed.), Ethics and Capitalism David E. Jenkins, Market Whys and Human Wherefores: Thinking Again about Markets, Politics and People Ilham Dilman, Free Will: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction Mark Joyal, The Platonic ‘Theages’: An Introduction, Commentary and Critical Edition     

Valuation Semantics for First-Order Logics of Evidence and Truth

This paper introduces the logic QLET_F, a quantified extension of the logic of evidence and truth LET_F, together with a corresponding sound and complete first-order non-deterministic valuation semantics. LET_F is a paraconsistent and paracomplete sentential logic that extends the logic of first-degree entailment (FDE) with a classicality operator ∘ and a non-classicality operator ∙, dual to each other: while ∘A entails that A behaves classically, ∙A follows from A’s violating some classically valid inferences. The semantics of QLET_F combines structures that interpret negated predicates in terms of anti-extensions with first-order non-deterministic valuations, and completeness is obtained through a generalization of Henkin’s method. By providing sound and complete semantics for first-order extensions of FDE, K3, and LP, we show how these tools, which we call here the method of anti-extensions + valuations, can be naturally applied to a number of non-classical logics.

     

Short Notices

Books reviewed in this article: Christopher Partridge (ed.), Dictionary of Contemporary Religion in the Western World Nancy K. Frankenberry (ed.), Radical Interpretation in Religion Margaret Stutley (ed.), Shamanism: An Introduction Samuel Terrien, The Psalms: Strophic Structure and Theological Commentary Steve Delamarter, with a contribution by J.H. Charlesworth, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth's The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha James H, The Pesharim and the Qumran Community: Chaos or Consensus? Timothy H. Lim, Pesharim James M. Scott, Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity: The Book of Jubilees Thomas R. Hatina, In Search of a Context: The Function of Scripture in Mark's Narrative Anthony Phillips, Essays on Biblical Law Larry J. Kreitzer, Gospel Images in Fiction and Film David S. Cunningham, Reading is Believing: The Christian Faith through Literature and Film John Wijngaards, No Women in Holy Orders? The Women Deacons of the Early Church Owen Chadwick, The Early Reformation on the Continent Andrew Bradstock and Christopher Rowland (eds), Radical Christian Writings: A Reader Sarah K. Pinnock, Beyond Theodicy: Jewish and Christian Continental Thinkers Respond to the Holocaust Coleen McDannell, Religions of the United States in Practice Douglas Pratt, Relational Deity: Hartshorne and Macquarrie on God John Habgood, Darton, The Concept of Nature Anthony C. Thiselton, A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion Joseph Runzo, Global Philosophy of Religion: A Short Introduction Max Charlesworth, Philosophy and Religion: From Plato to Postmodernism John Cottingham, On the Meaning of Life Charles R. Pinches, Theology and Action: After Theory in Christian Ethics Philip Goodchild, Capitalism and Religion: The Price of Piety Pat Collins CM, The Broken Image: Reflections on Spirituality and Culture Gordon Lynch, After Religion: ‘Generation X’ and the Search for Meaning Alison Webster, Wellbeing Clifford Longley, Chosen People: The Big Idea that Shapes England and America     

Personality and Fears

The contribution to self-reported fears of individual differences in extraversion-introversion (E) and neuroticism (N) was studied in 102 female college students. Four groups of 20 Ss each were constituted - high E high N, high E low N, low E high N, and low E low N. A fear survey schedule and the Eysenck Personality Inventory were employed. By analysis of variance, total fear scores were a significant function of N but not E. Extreme or phobic fears were a significant function of neither personality dimensions, though the N effect approached conventional significance levels. Correlational analyses on the full sample confirmed these findings, except that a statistically significant though slight (6 percent) proportion of extreme fear variance was accountable by N.     

Kant,the Third Antinomy and Transcendental Arguments

In this paper, I consider whether a reading of Kant's solution to the Third Antinomy can offer material for devising a new model of transcendental argument. The problem that this form of argument is meant to address is an antinomy between two apparently contradictory claims, q and ¬q, where we seem equally justified in holding both. The model has the following form: p; q is a necessary condition of p; the only justification we have for q is that it is a necessary condition of p; p is justified only in domain X (where X is a domain of objects of cognition); therefore, q is justified only in domain X. Because the argument shows that our justification for q is valid only in X, it also establishes that there is conceptual space to hold ¬q outside of X.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed: Kenneth J. Howell, God's Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science Richard A. Horsley and Neil Asher Silberman, The Message and the Kingdom: How Jesus and Paul Ignited a Revolution and Transformed the Ancient World J. Painter, 1, 2, and 3 John (Sacra Pagina 18) Sarah Coakley, Re‐thinking Gregory of Nyssa (Directions in Modern Theology) Andrew Jotischky, The Carmelites and Antiquity: Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages Terryl N. Kinder, Cistercian Europe: Architecture of Contemplation M. G. Snape, English Episcopal Acta, 24: Durham 1153–1195 Gillian R. Knight, The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: a Semantic and Structural Analysis Richard Rex, The Lollards Kathleen Kamerick, Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England, 1350–1500 Norman Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe, 1400–1536 Anthony Levi, Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis Anne T. Thayer, Penitence, Preaching and the Coming of the Reformation Marjo Kaartinen, Religious Life and English Culture in the Reformation Anne Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community Charles Libois SJ, Monumenta Proximi‐Orientis. V. Égypte (1591–1699) Charles Libois SJ, Monumenta Proximi‐Orientis. VI. Égypte (1700–1773) Michael Davies, Graceful Reading: Theology and Narrative in the Works of John Bunyan David Womersley, Gibbon and the ‘Watchmen of the Holy City’. The Historian and his Reputation, 1776–1815 Anthony C. Thiselton, A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion David Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept Robert Kane, Free Will (Blackwell Readings in Philosophy) Tamar Szabo Gendler and James Hawthorne, Conceivability and Possibility Simon Critchley, On Humour (Thinking in Action) Gerard J. Pendrick, Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life Victor Nuovo, John Locke: Writings on Religion Terry Pinkard, German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism Brian Shanley, The Thomist Tradition Gianni Vattimo, Nietzsche: An Introduction Amy Laura Hall, Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love Peter V. Zima, Deconstruction and Critical Theory L. Gormally, Culture of Life – Culture of Death Mark E. Graham, Joseph Fuchs on Natural Law (Moral Traditions) Norman M. Ford, The Prenatal Person. Ethics from Conception to Birth Onora O'Neill, Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D.Miller Jr. and Jeffrey Paul, Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter?     

Maximum likelihood estimation of the joint covariance matrix for sections of tests given to distinct samples with application to test equating

Consider an old testX consisting ofs sections and two new testsY andZ similar toX consisting ofp andq sections respectively. All subjects are given testX plus two variable sections from either testY orZ. Different pairings of variable sections are given to each subsample of subjects. We present a method of estimating the covariance matrix of the combined test (X ₁, ...,X _s ,Y ₁, ...,Y _p ,Z ₁, ...,Z _q ) and describe an application of these estimation techniques to linear, observed-score, test equating.The author is indebted to Paul W. Holland and Donald B. Rubin for their encouragement and many helpful comments and suggestions that contributed significantly to the development of this paper.This research was supported by the Program Statistics Research Project of the ETS Research Statistics Group.     

REVIEWS

Authority in Morals: An Essay in Christian Ethics. By Gerard J. Hughes On Human Nature. By Edward O. Wilson Democracy and Ethical Life. By Claes G. Ryn The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. By Quentin Skinner. 2 vols. Phenomenology and the Social World: the Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty and its Relation to the Social Conscience. By Laurie Spurting Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies. By Ted Benton Christianity and the World Order. By Edward Norman. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979, £3.50. The Stoics. Edited by John M. Rist Descartes. By Margaret D. Wilson Physicalism. By K.V. Wilkes Kierkegaard as Educator. By R.J. Manheimer Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. By Søren Kierkegaard, translated and edited by Howard and Edna Hong Parables of Kierkegaard. Edited by Thomas C. Oden Thomas Carlyle: ‘Cahinist without the Theology’. By Eloise M. Behnken The Praise of 'Sons of Bitches’. By James V. Schall The Inner Eye of Love. By William Johnston The River Within. By Christopher Bryant The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God. By John Bowker Old Testament Theology: A Fresh Approach. By Ronald E. Clements What is a Gospel? By Charles H. Talbert Urchristliche Prophetic. By Gerhard Dautzenberg Amphttochii Icontensis Opera. Edited by Cornells Datema Man and Nature in the Renaissance. By Allen G. Debus The Church in Late Victorian Scotland 1874–1900. By Andrew L. Drummond and James Bullock. Ppix, 342, Edinburgh, The St Andrew Press, 1978, £10.50. From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry 1750–1860. By Donald M. Scott Bemard-Lazare: Anti-Semitism and the Problem of Jewish Identity in Late Nineteenth Century France. By Nelly Wilson     

Re: Views

Human Resource Development Videotape Series—Life Skills Carkhuff, Robert R., Amherst Videotapes: Helping Model Module Attending Skills Module Responding Skills Module Personalizing Skills Module Initiating Skills Module The Case of Jerry The Case of Jane The Case of Manny Robert R. Carkhuff. The Art of Helping Robert R. Carkhuff, and Richard M. Pierce. Trainer's Guide: The Art of Helping. Behavioral Counseling (8 16mm color films) Hosford, Ray E. Films: Identifying the Problem Observing and Recording Behavior Counseling Techniques: Social Modeling Counseling Techniques: Desensitization——Part I Formulating the Counseling Goal Counseling Techniques: Reinforcement Procedures Counseling Techniques: Assertive Training Counseling Techniques: Self-as-a Model Ray E. Hosford, and Louis A. J. M. deVisser. Behavioral Approaches to Counseling: An Introduction Systematic Videotraining for Beginning Helpers Allen E. Ivey and Norma B. Basic Attending Skills (2 1/2 hours videotape) Basic Influencing Skills (2 1/2 hours, videotape) Microcounseling: An Introduction (1 hour videotape), Rental includes permission to make a copy on one's own equipment. Norman Kagan. Interpersonal Process Recall: A Method of Influencing Human Interaction. Films: Unit 1 Elements of Facilitating Communication Unit 2 Affect Simulation, Film 1 Film 2 Unit 3 Interviewer Recall New Client, Film A-1 On-going Therapy, Film A-2 College Resident Advisor Curriculum Director, Film A-4 Unit 4 Inquirer Role and Function Unit 5 Client Recall A Mother, Film B-1 Junior High Student, Film B-2 A Couple, Film B-3 Unit 6 Mutual Recall Mother and Social Worker, Film C-1 Physician and Patient, Film C-2 Dating Couple, Film C-3 Health Team, Film C-4 Mother and Two Children, Film C-5 Intact Family, Film C-6 Classroom Team, Film C-7 Unit 7 IPR Theory—Discussion Norman Kagan, Interpersonal Process Recall: A Method of Influencing Human Interaction     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: John Barton (ed.), The Biblical World Walter Brueggemann, Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy Bernhard W. Anderson, Contours of Old Testament Theology James Barr, The Concept of Biblical Theology: An Old Testament Perspective Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson (eds.), Reclaiming the Bible for the Church Nancy L. deClaissè‐Walford, Reading from th eBeginning: The Shaping of the Hebrew Psalter Birger Gerhardsson, The Reliability of the Gospel Tradition Ben Witherington III, New Testament History: A Narrative Account Neil Richardson, God in the New Testament John S. Kloppenborg Verbin, Excavating Q: The History and Setting of the Sayings Gospel Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer, Paul Between Damascus and Antioch. The Unknown Years F. Gerald Downing, Cynics, Paul and the Pauline Churches: Cynics and Christian Origins II Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians Kieran J. O'Mahony, Pauline Persuasion: A Sounding in 2 Corinthians 8‐9 C. K. Barrett, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, Volume I: Acts XV–XXVII April D. DeConick, Voices of the Mystics: Early Christian Discourse in the Gospels of John and Thomas and Other Ancient Christian Literature Manlio Simonetti (ed.), Ippolito. Contro Noeto Catherine Brown Tkacz, The Key to the Brescia Casket: Typology and the Early Christian Imagination Serge Lancel, St Augustine Patricia Cox Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity: Essays in Imagination and Religion Thomas Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology Allan Greer (ed.), The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth‐Century North America Stephen R. Holmes, God of Glory and God of Grace: An Account of the Theology of Jonathan Edwards Stephen Prickett, Narrative, Religion and Science. Fundamentalism versus Irony, 1700–1999 Linda Woodhead (ed.), Reinventing Christianity: Nineteenth‐Century Contexts Florent Gaboriau, The Conversion of Edith Stein Jeffrey S. Siker, Scripture and Ethics. Twentieth‐Century Portraits Richerd B. Hays, The Moral Vision of the New Testament. Community, Cross, New Creation John Kavanaugh, Who Counts as Persons: Human Identity and the Ethics of Killing John Keown, Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalisation Stephen J. Pope and Charles Hefling (eds.), Sic et Non: Encountering ‘Dominus Iesus’ J'annine Jobling and Ian Markham (eds.), Theological Liberalism, Creative and Critical Hans Küng, Women in Christianity Lynne Broadbent and Alan Brown (eds.), Issues in Religious Education Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought Giles Fraser, Redeeming Nietzsche Alexander Garcia Düttman, The Memory of Thought: An Essay on Heidegger and Adorno Robert J. Dostal (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer Michael Fuller, Making Sense of MacIntyre     

Informative Aboutness

Pretheoretically, (B) ‘all believers are immortal’ is about all believers, but (1) B is not about any unbeliever. Similarly, (M) ‘all mortals are unbelievers’ is not about any immortal, but (2) M is about all mortals. But B and M are logically equivalent universal generalizations, so arguably they are about exactly the same objects; by (2), they are about those mortals who are unbelievers, contradicting (1). If one responds by giving up (1), is there still a sense in which B treats unbelievers differently from believers? I argue that there is. B is uninformative about unbelievers but informative about believers, in the following sense: for any object o, the information that B provides only about o—namely, ‘o is a believer only if o is immortal’—is entailed (and thus rendered redundant) by ‘o is an unbeliever’ but not by ‘o is a believer’.