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In this letter we employ high-precision Monte Carlo simulations to investigate tracer diffusion kinetics for diffusion via divacancies in the bcc lattice. We utilize the mechanisms originally identified by Mehrer in which the divacancy can move by nearest-neighbour jumps with stable first-nearest-neighbour, second-nearest-neighbour and fourth-nearest-neighbour configurations of the divacancy. The tracer correlation factor and the 'impurity-form' correlation factor were found to be some 4-6% lower than those found by the matrix method. The tracer diffusion data and isotope effect for sodium were revisited in terms of monovacancy and divacancy contributions. The main change is a revision upwards from 0.55 to 0.61 of the j K kinetic factor for divacancies.  相似文献   

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Professional autonomy interferes at a structural level with the variousaspects of the health care system. The health care systems that can bedistinguished all feature a specific design of professional autonomy,but experience their own governance problems. Empirical health caresystems in the West are a nationally coloured blend of ideal type healthcare systems. From a normative perspective, the optimal health caresystem should consist of elements of all the ideal types. A workableoptimum taking national values into account could be attained bygovernance structures that also introduce elements from other ideal typesystems. Thus a normative approach to medical practice guaranteeing anessential degree of professional autonomy for a relationship of trustbetween the patient and the physician, could be combined with anefficient and equitable allocation of health care resources.  相似文献   

4.
The microstructure of interfacial defects in YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3(0?0?1) heterostructures has been investigated by aberration-corrected ultrahigh-resolution electron microscopy. We determine that c-axis-oriented YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films epitaxially grow on SrTiO3(0?0?1) with two types of interface structure. The coalescence of nucleation sites with different types of interface structure leads to the formation of antiphase domain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films, which terminate at planar faults with different configurations near the interface. Stand-off misfit dislocations are observed and the dislocation core structure is explored. Based on the interface structure and interfacial defects, the initial growth mode of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films on SrTiO3(0?0?1) is discussed.  相似文献   

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This paper reports an investigation of martensitic transformation behaviour from austenite with various grain sizes ranging from 290 nm to 34 μm in an Fe–Ni alloy fabricated by electrodeposition and subsequent heat treatment. We confirmed that martensite morphology changed from lath to thin plate with decreasing the austenite grain size. Crystallographic orientation analysis revealed that the variants of thin plate martensite formed in the austenite with relatively coarse grains achieved self-accommodation of the transformation strain inside one austenite grain. In contrast, the transformation strain accompanying martensitic transformation from the ultrafine-grained or nanocrystalline austenite was not accommodated by the martensite variants formed in one austenite grain but accommodated cooperatively by those formed in the several adjacent austenite grains.  相似文献   

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泛知情同意的撤回权是指通过泛知情同意模式参加生物样本库的捐献者具有随时撤销其泛知情同意的权利,其在国内外都有相应的法律与道德基础。明确这一权利符合捐献者、生物样本库等多方的长远利益,既能更好地保护捐献者,也对生物样本库建设有重要意义。一般情况下,捐献者可随时向生物样本库撤回泛知情同意,然而在涉及国家利益、干细胞治疗、样本去识别等特殊情况时,撤回权将受到一定限制。此外,我们提出信息交互平台的建设是泛知情同意撤回管理的优化策略,为有关机构进一步健全泛知情同意撤回制度和加强实践指导提供理论依据。

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7.
《黄帝内经》“天人相应”理论比较完备地奠定了中医关于人体生物节律知识的基础,强调人体自然节律与四季日月昼夜节律之间的密切关系。在急性心肌梗死发病呈现显著的时间节律特征,以中医时间学理论进行解释,充分掌握急性心肌梗死发病的规律性,指导高危人群合理作息,减少急性心梗的发生。  相似文献   

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The atomistic structure of the 3C-SiC/Si(001) interface has been investigated using a combination of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and a newly developed image processing method for eliminating artificial contrast. The structures having periods four times longer than those of the silicon lattice have been observed distinctly in images taken along both Si[110] and Si[100] directions. Contrary to theoretical models proposed previously, the interface of the three-dimensional structural model that we constructed on the basis of our experiments has a silicon-rich configuration. We have clarified that the strain field induced by the two-dimensional misfit between Si(001)-(4?×?4) and SiC(001)-(5?×?5) is relaxed by the two-dimensional network of misfit dislocations; simple edge dislocations with [100] and [010] directions and Lomer dislocations with [110] and [110] directions. The atomistic structures of the Lomer dislocations have been also clarified.  相似文献   

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Computer- and internet-based psychotherapy interventions   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Computers and Internet-based programs have great potential to make psychological assessment and treatment more cost-effective. Computer-assisted therapy appears to be as effective as face-to-face treatment for treating anxiety disorders and depression. Internet support groups also may be effective and have advantages over face-to-face therapy. However, research on this approach remains meager.  相似文献   

11.
Interpolation in practical formal development   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
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12.
大量流行病学研究证实,吸烟是导致肺癌的首要危险因素。因此,控烟才是解决问题的根本途径。本文简述了吸烟的主要危害及目前我国吸烟的现状,在此基础上提出需要在生物-心理-社会医学模式的理论框架下全面考虑控烟及吸烟相关疾病的预防和管理。  相似文献   

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The rapid developments in computers and information technology over the past decade has had an impact on psychology, which has moved in this context from local computer applications to network applications that take advantage of the Internet. This article critically reviews various psychological applications in use on the Internet, with special emphasis given to their promises and advantages as well as to their shortcomings and problems. Specifically, 10 types of psychological Internet applications are reviewed: information resources on psychological concepts and issues; self-help guides; psychological testing and assessment; help in deciding to undergo therapy; information about specific psychological services; single-session psychological advice through e-mail or c-bulletin boards; ongoing personal counseling and therapy through e-mail; real-time counseling through chat, web telephony, and videoconferencing; synchronous and asynchronous support groups, discussion groups, and group counseling; and psychological and social research. Following a discussion of ethical and related concerns, a call is voiced for intensive research and international brainstorming.  相似文献   

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Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) are widely used tools that provide support for people seeking help managing their health in a particular behavioral domain (e.g., physical activity). Despite their popularity, evidence for the effectiveness of mHealth apps as stand-alone behavioral interventions is limited. Psychological and behavioral scientists can play a critical role in addressing this gap by pursuing programs of research that leverage basic behavioral science principles to test links between key features of mHealth apps (e.g., goal setting, feedback) and behavior change. To demonstrate this approach to evaluating mHealth apps, we systematically examine five key features of popular calorie-tracking and activity-tracking apps, explain how these features align with established behavior change techniques, discuss the evidence base for the effectiveness of these techniques within each behavioral domain, and situate predictions about how individual app features may promote behavior change in a conceptual model. Through this work, researchers can guide the design of mHealth apps and optimize them for facilitating sustained health behavior change.  相似文献   

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中国当代医疗语言学研究可分为两大方面,一是理论构建,二是具体研究。对于前者,学者初步建立了理论框架,但未能充分融合沟通学和语言学的理论,较少客观分析患者的语言特点和贡献,未能深入讨论相关的语用、社会、心理、认知等因素。从研究路径来说,具体研究又可分为语言学方法、医学视角和人文视角三个方面,各自有不同的特点和优势。中国当代医疗语言学研究在医疗语言互动的语旨、语场、语式以及理论基础等方面还存在较多值得开拓的空白和课题。  相似文献   

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我国医患纠纷的最终解决是通过传统的民事诉讼途径,然而,这种模式并不符合医疗案件本身的特点。从法律和道德的角度而言,我们必须对医疗诉讼的制度设计重新进行反思,并在此基础上进行变革。  相似文献   

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高新医疗技术临床应用中的不合理诊疗行为,主要包括医方趋利性医疗行为和防御性医疗行为。通过典型案例对高新医疗技术临床应用中的不合理诊疗行为的成因进行分析,剖析不合理的诊疗行为,提出了规范应用高新医疗技术的对策。  相似文献   

18.
当前有相当数量的临床学院、教学医院和临床教师仅重视医学生的专业教育而忽视医学伦理教育,专业教育与医学伦理教育严重脱节.应对临床实习生的专业教育与医学伦理教育的培养目标、教育内容、实践过程、教育路径、方式方法进行整合,使医学专业教育与医学伦理教育紧密结合、相互渗透、相互融合、实现整合.  相似文献   

19.
为了解医学生对目前医学人文教学的认知情况, 调查了924名正在临床实习的七年制学生和五年制学生以及已有临床实习经历的在读研究生。调查结果显示, 绝大多数学生高度认可医学人文知识对医生职业具有重要影响;医学人文教育与临床实践脱节是目前医学人文教育存在的主要问题;结合临床实际讲授理论知识被看作是理想的医学人文课程的授课形式;承担医学人文课程教学的教师应该既具临床工作经验 (或临床知识) 又具医学人文知识背景;学生们比较重视与患者工作有关的应用性的课程而相对忽视能够启迪临床技能思维的课程。  相似文献   

20.
论医疗权及其实践   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
患者的医疗权可以表现为宪法上的应然权利和实践中的实然权利。在具体医疗实践中 ,患者获得公正、必须和费用节省的医疗服务的权利 ,是以患者支付医疗费用为前提的。在特定情况下 ,虽然患者无支付能力 ,也可以享有医疗权。患者有拒绝医疗的权利  相似文献   

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