Click location and syntactic structure

Four experiments are reported in which Ss had to judge the location of clicks superimposed on recorded sentences. The first experiment showed that the accuracy of locating the clicks was a function of the position of the click in the constituent structure, the greatest accuracy being for clicks at major clause boundaries. The second experiment showed that this effect was independent of migration, i.e., the tendency for judgments to be displaced towards the major clause break. In the third experiment, it was shown that the requirement that S reproduce the sentence did not influence the response distribution. Finally, in the fourth experiment, a small but significant trend for location accuracy to decrease with decreasing separation of the click from the major break was found. However, this trend was much smaller than the differences in accuracy for various positions in the constituent structure. It was concluded that click location accuracy can be used as an index of perceptual processing load during recognition of individual sentences.     

Click monitoring revisited: An on-line study of sentence comprehension

Spoken sentence comprehension is based upon rapid and complex psychological processes, yielding a constantly fluctuating cognitive load. The aim of this study was to evaluate on-line click monitoring, a classical but poorly exploited experimental method, which should allow for an easy measurement of processing load at any chosen point of experimental sentences. In Experiments 1 and 2, we obtained longer latencies to clicks located at the boundary of reversible object relative clauses than to clicks identically located in subject relatives and to clicks located earlier within object relatives. Experiment 3 further revealed that this effect of syntactic type was specific to transposed object relatives and did not occur with normal object relatives. In Experiment 4, we observed longer latencies with semantically reversible than with irreversible sentences, but no difference between actives and passives. These results were obtained under strict control of potential lexical and phonological biases, and suggest that on-line click monitoring may be one useful tool in the study of sentence comprehension.     

Lmx And Job Tension: Linear And Non-Linear Effects And Affectivity

We examined whether linear or non-linear LMX-job tension relationships existed, and if these effects were consistent across levels of negative (NA) and positive (PA) affect. Results indicated that NA and PA moderated the non-linear LMX-job tension relationship. Specifically, the LMX-job tension association was best depicted by an inverted-U form for high NAs. Tension was highest when LMX was moderate and lowest when LMX was either low or high. Tension increased minimally for low NAs across levels of LMX. For high PAs, the relationship was linear and inverse. Conversely, a U-shaped form best represented the LMX-job tension relationship for low PAs. Implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.     

迷狂与智慧,虚构的与真的

本文旨在对近几年关于Being问题的讨论做个补充.从原创文化视野看,希腊不仅是西方文化中求"是"与求"真"的源头,而且也是文学艺术与宗教中崇尚"出神"、神秘、热恋、迷狂与虚构的源头.     

Click here for HIV status: Shifting templates of sexual negotiation

In the last decade, many aspects of gay social and sexual life have moved online. This article explores how the increasing use of the internet as a way of organizing gay sex is shaping sexual and risk subjectivities. It investigates how online cruising is mediating investments in, and tensions between, different HIV prevention ethics in Sydney, Australia – in particular, those that operationalise HIV status disclosure as a precursor to casual sex, and those that don't. One popular online cruising site, Manhunt.net, is the first socio-sexual context in Australia in which participants are routinely asked to indicate their HIV status for sexual purposes, as a design feature of participation. The article grapples with the implications of this development for socio-sexual community. Different sites install culturally specific HIV prevention ethics, which users negotiate in different ways. Online interfaces also generate particular ‘affective climates’ in the sense that they produce new experiences of connection and isolation and create new practical challenges around self-presentation for participants. Affective climates are technologically mediated, and are co-produced and shared by HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals, among others. Some online formats may be contributing to a new state of ‘seronormativity’ in gay culture, in which the politics of the ‘template’ or the ‘format’ will become increasingly significant. Participants can also be seen to be engaging in reflexive processes around different styles of participation in this environment and their effects on others, suggesting educational possibilities.     

Left-Hemisphere Advantage for Click Consonants is Determined by Linguistic Significance and Experience

Abstract—Left-hemisphere (LH) superiority for speech perception is a fundamental neurocognitive aspect of language, and is particularly strong for consonant perception. Two key theoretical aspects of the LH advantage for consonants remain controversial, however: the processing mode (auditory vs. linguistic) and the developmental basis of the specialization (innate vs. experience dependent). Click consonants offer a unique opportunity to evaluate these theoretical issues. Brief and spectrally complex, oral clicks exemplify the acoustic properties that have been proposed for an auditorily based LH specialization, yet they retain linguistic significance only for listeners whose languages employ them as consonants (e.g., Zulu). Speakers of other languages (e.g., English) perceive these clicks as nonspeech sounds. We assessed Zulu versus English listeners' hemispheric asymmetries for clicks, in and out of syllable context, in a dichotic-listening task. Performance was good for both groups, but only Zulus showed an LH advantage. Thus, linguistic processing and experience both appear to be crucial.     

Paraconsistency And Dialogue Logic Critical Examination And Further Explorations

The first part of this paper presents asympathetic and critical examination of the approachof Shahid Rahman and Walter Carnielli, as presented intheir paper The Dialogical Approach toParaconsistency. In the second part, possibleextensions are presented and evaluated: (a) top-downanalysis of a dialogue situation versus bottom-up, (b)the specific role of ambiguities and how to deal withthem, and (c) the problem of common knowledge andbackground knowledge in dialogues. In the third part,I claim that dialogue logic is the best-suitedinstrument to analyse paradoxes of the Sorites type.All these considerations lead to philosophicallyrelevant observations concerning principles of charityon the one hand, and compactness on the other.     

Molar And Molecular Control In Variable-interval And Variable-ratio Schedules

Response rates are typically higher under variable-ratio than under variable-interval schedules of reinforcement, perhaps because of differences in the dependence of reinforcement rate on response rate or because of differences in the reinforcement of long interresponse times. A variable-interval-with-added-linear-feedback schedule is a variable-interval schedule that provides a response rate/reinforcement rate correlation by permitting the minimum interfood interval to decrease with rapid responding. Four rats were exposed to variable-ratio 15, 30, and 60 food reinforcement schedules, variable-interval 15-, 30-, and 60-s food reinforcement schedules, and two versions of variable-interval-with-added-linear-feedback 15-, 30-, and 60-s food reinforcement schedules. Response rates on the variable-interval-with-added-linear-feedback schedule were similar to those on the variable-interval schedule; all three schedules led to lower response rates than those on the variable-ratio schedules, especially when the schedule values were 30. Also, reinforced interresponse times on the variable-interval-with-added-linear-feedback schedule were similar to those on variable interval and much longer than those produced by variable ratio. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that response rates on variable-interval schedules in rats are lower than those on comparable variable-ratio schedules, primarily because the former schedules reinforce long interresponse times.     

费隐通容《五灯严统》的毁板与日本重刻

在明末清初禅宗史上,围绕费隐通容<五灯严统>而引发的诤讼是一个引人注目的事件.<严统>掀起的波澜已成历史陈迹;关于其功过得失,古人许多评论,足供来者吟味.本稿主要通过综合考察费隐通容与其法嗣隐元隆琦的相关事迹,阐述<严统>成书、毁板、日本重刻的具体细节,分析其流传过程,也揭示费隐与隐元之间的师徒情谊.     

Unification And Explanation

In this article we criticize two recent articles that examinethe relation between explanation and unification. Halonen and Hintikka (1999), on the one hand,claim that no unification is explanation. Schurz (1999), on the other hand, claims that all explanationis unification. We give counterexamples to both claims. We propose a pluralistic approach to the problem:explanation sometimes consists in unification, but in other cases different kinds of explanation(e.g., causal explanation) are required; and none of these kinds is more fundamental.     

Agency And Consciousness

In Intentionality and other works, John Searle establishes himself as a leading defender of the view that consciousness of what one is doing is always a component of one’s action. In this paper I focus on problems with Searle’s view to establish that there are actions in which the agent is not at all aware of what she is doing. I argue that any theory that misses this sort of action keeps us from important insights into autonomy, self-knowledge and responsibility. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hallucination And Imagination

What are hallucinations? A common view in the philosophical literature is that hallucinations are degenerate kinds of perceptual experience. I argue instead that hallucinations are degenerate kinds of sensory imagination. As well as providing a good account of many actual cases of hallucination, the view that hallucination is a kind of imagination represents a promising account of hallucination from the perspective of a disjunctivist theory of perception like naïve realism. This is because it provides a way of giving a positive characterisation of hallucination—rather than characterising hallucinations in negative, relational, terms as mental events that are subjectively indistinguishable from veridical perceptual experiences.