尊重医学的自身规律，尊重人民的选择

本刊今年第四期,集中发表了一组关于在当今形势下如何看待中医的文章,就中医的方方面面做了讨论,其中包括张功耀教授的“告别中医中药”一文,以期引起中医界和整个社会对中医的关切。和我们预料的一样,这组关于中医的文章,特别是“告别中医药”一文,引发一场热烈而广泛的争论,中医又一次面临是不是科学的,其前途和命运如何的考问。     

尊严:自尊、受尊重与尊重

尊严是个体的一种权利。尊严包括自尊、受尊重、尊重三个成分。早在上个世纪初,斯金纳就对尊严与个体的自由、自主,与社会的控制和公正的关系进行过认真的思考。后来的研究发现,尊严也与人们在社会互动中的能力、力量、权势、地位有关联。     

诚信、尊重与平等:团体心理治疗的伦理底线

团体心理治疗 (grouppsychotherapy)是心理治疗的一种 ,目的是“通过形成集体内聚力、人际学习、情绪疏泄、学习新的知识和应对技巧、模仿和示范等过程 ,使心理障碍好转 ,人际关系更加协调”[1] 。它缘起于“团体治疗之父”JosephPratt(1872 - 195 6 )的理论和实践 ,在二战之后得以迅速而广泛地开展。我国在 2 0世纪 5 0年代开展这一技术 ,并在 80年代后进行了真正意义上的研究和实践。事实证明 ,这一方法不仅能有效节省人力资源 ,而且有利于个体重新适应社会 ,增强社会稳定性以及提高社会价值规范体系的认同率。但是 ,相对于一对一的个体…     

论医患关系恶化的哲学根源:医学的异化

针对医患关系恶化的现状论述了其哲学根源--现代医学的异化.在界定医学异化的概念并对其成因进行探讨的基础上,深入分析医学异化对医学和医患关系的影响,最后提出了消解医学异化和改善医患关系的对策,即坚持医学研究"还原论"与"整体论"的辩证统一;预防医生人格的进一步异化;坚持"以人为本"的医疗原则;切实加强医患之间的交流和沟通.     

道德德性:人类学以及实践认知的维度

伦理学涉及行为中的人.伦理学是关于善(Guten)的学说.作为自由的、有理性的存在者,我们能够在其中发现幸福.然而,"幸福"并不是简单的,主观上的满足,而是根据理性的尺度实现了理想.因此,伦理学涉及到对"主观真实性"的条件的分析.一种美德伦理学断言:这些条件首先在于拥有德行.根据传统的理解,道德德性是人类人格的表达,因此,在真理和理性中视为好的东西,在主观上也作为好的呈现出来:即道德德性对于行为主体的理性来说是情感上的需要.道德德性针对行为主体对善的情感需求来提高实践理性,特别是在能力方面,也包括认识道德上正确的事情并且有效地实践.因此,道德德性就存在两方面的任务,即人类学和认知实践的二重任务,而没有借此定义道德义务,或过多地对道德原则、规则或规范进行理性地讨论.     

解读作为美德的感恩德性

作为美德的感恩德性蕴含了三重维度伦理关系.感恩美德德性的生成不是一个自发过程,而是在三重维度的感恩伦理关系交互作用下,经过主体一系列的伦理心理环节而生成.如何增强人们对于感恩美德的认知,自觉地履行感恩美德?如何让青少年学会感恩?一是须区分作为美德的感恩与建立在利益计较、物物往来关系之上的人与人交往中的感恩;二是引导人们特别是青少年对于感恩美德的认知,激励人们作为美德的感恩情感;三是对于社会组织而言,须增强感恩美德的制度供给机制.     

医疗实践中如何处理德性伦理与规范伦理的关系

正1基本涵义规范伦理有广义和狭义之分,广义的规范伦理是与元伦理学相对应的探讨道德领域的实质性内容的伦理体系,包含德性伦理。本文只讨论狭义上的规范伦理,即把研究的对象指向现实生活,强调通过探讨善与恶,正当与不正当,应该与不应该之间的界限与标准,研究道德的基础、本质及规律,试图形成道德的基本原则、规范,从而约束和指导人们的生活实践。规范伦理重在"规范"、"准则"。德性伦理是把关于人的品格的判断作为最基本的道德判断的理论。德性伦理聚焦于道德主体,即行为的推动     

尊重他人所尊重的

在一次巡回表演的过程中,卓别林通过朋友的介绍,认识了一个对他仰慕已久的观众。卓别林和对方很谈得来,很快就成了关系不错的朋友。     

儿童同伴尊重的发展及社交领导性的影响: 三年追踪

对285名小学三年级和四年级儿童进行了连续三年的追踪调查,分析了儿童同伴尊重发展趋势及其在群体间的差异,探讨了社交领导性在儿童同伴尊重发展中的预测作用。结果表明：（1）童年中后期儿童与同伴之间的获得尊重与表现尊重具有显著增长趋势;（2）三年间女孩的表现尊重均高于男孩但增长速度无差异;女孩的获得尊重增长速度高于男孩;（3）儿童的社交领导性能够显著正向预测儿童同伴尊重的发展趋势。     

尊重他人所尊重的

在一次巡回表演的过程中,卓别林通过朋友的介绍,认识了一个对他仰慕已久的观众。卓别林和对方很谈得来,很快就成了关系不错的朋友。在表演结束之后,这个新朋友请卓别林到家里做客。在用餐前,这个身为棒球迷的朋友带着     

Respect and Membership in the Moral Community

Some philosophers object that Kant’s respect cannot express mutual recognition because it is an attitude owed to persons in virtue of an abstract notion of autonomy and invite us to integrate the vocabulary of respect with other persons-concepts or to replace it with a social conception of recognition. This paper argues for a dialogical interpretation of respect as the key-mode of recognition of membership in the moral community. This interpretation highlights the relational and practical nature of respect, and accounts for its governing role over other persons-regarding concepts.

Respect Relationships in Diverse Societies

The paper aims to clarify what is both meant and entailed when the notion of respect is invoked in relation to the issues of diversity. A distinction is introduced between two types of respecting agents: the state and the citizen. The paper then distinguishes respect in relation to a commonality – in this case citizenship – from respect in relation to specific difference. The importance of respect in relation to a commonality is stressed, whilst the distinction between the state and the citizen as the respecting agent is used to raise questions about respect of difference. The latter part of the paper looks at Peter Jones’ compromise position of ‘mediated recognition,’ and suggests the possibility of ‘mediated accommodation.’ I am grateful for insightful comments and discussions with Tiziana Torresi and Geoffrey Brahm Levey, as well as Laura Valentini, Leah Bassel, Adam Swift, Stephen Cohen, Miriam Ronzoni, Kerah Gordon-Solomon, Jennifer Balint, Toby Ord, and to the useful feedback from the editors of Res Publica. I am also grateful to The Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, where part of this paper was written whilst visiting in the Department.     

Respect as Esteem: The Case of Counselling

To claim that respect is one of the cornerstones of professional ethics is uncontroversial. However, it has become commonplace in the philosophical literature to distinguish between different kinds of respect. This paper considers the distinction between ‘recognition respect,’ said to be owed to persons as such, and ‘appraisal respect,’ said to be owed to those persons whom merit it, in the context of the professional–client relationship. Using the practice of counselling as an example, it is argued that both kinds of respect have a place in the professional–client relationship, which is in turn articulated as a relationship between equally fallible moral agents.     

医学生道德发展与医德教育模式的探索

医学生的道德发展有其内在规律性,医学生在低年级进入社区医疗机构,开展早期接触临床的实践,遵循了道德发展规律,明确了医德教育的阶段性目标和定位,是一项非常有益的探索。     

小学儿童的尊重观念与同伴关系

采用开放式尊重观念问卷考察了502名三到六年级小学生的尊重观念,探讨儿童的尊重观念与其友伴关系的联系。结果表明,双向尊重的儿童比单向尊重的儿童具有更多的友伴数和更好的友谊质量,但双向尊重的儿童不一定是受欢迎儿童;在不同社交地位的儿童中,被拒绝儿童比其他类型的儿童在一般尊重观念和对朋友的尊重观念上更多地具有单向尊重观念（主要是自我取向尊重观念）。因此,同伴关系的不同侧面——友谊关系和群体社交地位与儿童尊重观念具有不同的联系     

医学人文与医疗实践结合:人性化的医疗

医学人文与医学科学的结合是当代科学与人文关系的特点和本性,也是医学现实的迫切需求,其目标是实现人性化的医疗;医学人文存在不同水平的三个层次;医疗人性化是一个广阔的领域;营造平台是促进两者结合的重要条件.医学人文具有理论和实践两个向度,医学人文的实践向度是整个医学人文或人文医学的基础,没有实践向度,理论向度就失去了基础,整个医学人文就会成为不着边际的空话.医学人文的理论向度和实践向度,其基础都在临床实践.     

Human and Animal Subjects of Research: The Moral Significance of Respect versus Welfare

Human beings with diminished decision-making capacities are usually thought to require greater protections from the potential harms of research than fully autonomous persons. Animal subjects of research receive lesser protections than any human beings regardless of decision-making capacity. Paradoxically, however, it is precisely animals’ lack of some characteristic human capacities that is commonly invoked to justify using them for human purposes. In other words, for humans lesser capacities correspond to greater protections but for animals the opposite is true. Without explicit justification, it is not clear why or whether this should be the case. Ethics regulations guiding human subject research include principles such as respect for persons—and related duties—that are required as a matter of justice while regulations guiding animal subject research attend only to highly circumscribed considerations of welfare. Further, the regulations guiding research on animals discount any consideration of animal welfare relative to comparable human welfare. This paper explores two of the most promising justifications for these differences␣between the two sets of regulations. The first potential justification points to lesser moral status for animals on the basis of their lesser capacities. The second potential justification relies on a claim about the permissibility of moral partiality as␣found in common morality. While neither potential justification is sufficient to justify the regulatory difference as it stands, there is possible common ground between supporters of some regulatory difference and those rejecting the current difference.     

小学儿童的尊重观念及其发展

以开放式尊重观念问卷对小学三到六年级儿童进行集体施测研究儿童的尊重观念,结果发现：(1)小学儿童认为尊重就是有礼貌,尊重对象的特征和尊重原因都是要求对方品质好或学习好。尊重的对象既有长辈又有同辈,提到尊重同辈的显著多于只尊重长辈的。不同的人际背景下,儿童的尊重观念不一致。(2)小学儿童的尊重观念具有显著的发展特征,表现出从单向尊重到双向尊重的发展趋势。不同人际关系下的尊重观念的发展特征不同,对父母和老师的尊重主要为单向尊重,对朋友的尊重主要为双向尊重。(3)小学儿童的尊重观念具有显著的性别差异。