Monuments of memory: defensive mechanisms of the collective psyche and their manifestation in the memorialization process

The paper searches for insight in the area of collective memory as a part of collective consciousness, a phenomenon understood as a stabilizing factor for a society's self-image and identity. Collective memories are seen as originating from shared communications transmitting and creating the meaning of the past in the form of narrative, symbols and signs. As such, they contain the individual, embodied and lived side of our relations to the past. As well as the identity-building and meaning-making functions of collective memories, their defensive function is discussed with a focus on commemorative practices taking place in a transitional space between psychic and social life. Fears of a lack of collective identity and coherence have contributed to the way Polish commemorative practices have been shaped. This is considered in relation to the Smolensk catastrophe in 2010, viewed in the context of the Jungian concept of the collective psyche and the psychoanalytical understanding of defensive group mechanisms against trauma, especially those relating to loss and mourning. It leads to a consideration of how historical experiences and the experience of history can be accessed, as well as their meaning for individual and group development.     

组织中的正念：基于认知的动态衍生过程及干预

正念是个体、团队和组织共有的属性。认知过程取向的正念在个体、团队及组织层面表现为对信息的加工处理。依托信息加工理论, 基于认知的正念在组织中各层面的衍生过程可从4个阶段(刺激-觉知-识别-反应)进行解析, 其干预可依据衍生过程中的注意力与互动等关键要素入手。未来研究可发掘儒释道传统文化以发展认知取向正念的心理学内涵, 检验不同层面正念衍生过程及基于认知干预的有效性, 并尝试构建个体-团队-组织正念递进补充与反哺机制。     

Development of defensive burying in Rattus norvegicus: experience and defensive responses

Rats (Rattus norvegicus) deprived of the opportunity to interact with particulate matter until they were young adults engaged in defensive burying after they were shocked by a wire-wrapped dowel in a test chamber that held bedding material. Interacting with a particulate substrate during development is not necessary for the expression of defensive burying in adulthood. However, interacting with a particulate substrate early in the rats' lives did have a substantial effect on the emergence and maintenance of burying behavior. Defensive burying developed at a later age and declined at an earlier age in rats maintained on wire mesh from birth until testing than it did in rats raised until weaning on bedding and housed on mesh thereafter. Because defensive burying is a complex, flexible, yet reliable response sequence that cannot be performed without the appropriate substrate, it has considerable potential as a model for the study of the development of species-specific defense responses.     

Morphemes in their place: Evidence for position-specific identification of suffixes

Previous research strongly suggests that morphologically complex words are recognized in terms of their constituent morphemes. A question thus arises as to how the recognition system codes for morpheme position within words, given that it needs to distinguish morphological anagrams like overhang and hangover. The present study focused specifically on whether the recognition of suffixes occurs in a position-specific fashion. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that morphologically complex nonwords (gasful ) are rejected more slowly than orthographic controls (gasfil ) but that the same interference effect is not present when the morphemic constituents are reversed ( fulgas vs. filgas). Experiment 3 went further in demonstrating that reversing the morphemes within words (e.g., nesskind) does not yield morpheme interference effects against orthographic controls (e.g., nusskind). These results strongly suggest that suffix identification is position specific, which imposes important constraints on the further development of models of morphological processing.     

Employee assistance programmes and their place within universities

In recent years British universities have been subject to demands for increased efficiency, greater accountability and cost effectiveness, without a corresponding increase in the resources available to them. As more university employees find it difficult to cope with these new pressures, there is an increasing need for universities to provide enhanced support for employees in the workplace. The response in British universities to the 'troubled employee' is considered, and contrasted with the development of Employee Assistance Programmes in North American universities. Different types of EAP are discussed, and it is argued that British universities might benefit from introducing such programmes.     

The four psychologies of psychoanalysis and their place in clinical work

Clinical psychoanalysis has led to the development of four conceptually separable perspectives on the functioning of the human mind. These are referred to herein as the psychologies of drive, ego, object relations, and self. Their clinical relevance is explored by applying them to issues regarding evenly hovering attention and the mutative factors in psychoanalysis. Those two areas, in turn, are seen to undergo an expansion when viewed from the perspective of each of the four psychologies.