SPEECH CONVERGENCE AND SPEECH EVALUATION IN FACT-FINDING INTERVIEWS

The purpose of this study was to examine speech convergence and speech evaluation in fact-finding interviews conducted in the field. Forty interviewers (ERs), undergraduates enrolled in a class on interviewing processes, conducted 20–30 minute interviews with selected interviewees (EEs), business persons and professionals in fields of interest to the ERs. Speech behaviors examined included response latency, speech rate, and turn duration; these were coded per one minute intervals of each interaction. Time series regression procedures indicated that both ERs and EEs converged speech rate and response latency toward their interlocutors' performances of these behaviors. Although turn duration convergence did not characterize the entire data set, male-male dyads did converge significantly and male (ER)-female (EE) dyads significantly diverged turn duration. Regarding speech evaluation, there was some evidence that greater response latency similarity, greater speech rate and response latency convergence, and faster ER speech and slower EE speech were positively related to the competence and social attractiveness judgments of participants. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

FREE SPEECH

Recognition of the harms done by free speech is a function of the social ontology presupposed. An atomist ontology implies that the harms suffered are restricted to individual people. This paper suggests an alternate ontology—one that describes systems established by the causal reciprocities of their proper parts. It proposes a consequentialist moral theory, and considers the harms suffered by these systems (a) when speech exposes their internal, otherwise private, behaviors or features, (b) when speech is malicious and false, and (c) when speech is monopolistic. Does the proposed ontology have objectionable implications for public policy? Alternative answers are considered briefly.     

EXPERIENCING AND INTERPRETING NATURE IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Abstract. I trace three paths from nature to religious interpretation. The first starts from religious experience in the context of nature; examples are drawn from nature poets, reflective scientists, and exponents of creation spirituality. The second,„Natural Theology”uses scientific findings concerning cosmology or evolution to develop an argument from design–or alternatively to defend evolutionary naturalism. The third,„Theology of Nature”starts from traditional religious beliefs about God and human nature and reformulates them in the light of current science. I point to examples of each of these paths in papers by other participants in this symposium, and suggest that all three paths can contribute to the task of relating science and religion today.     

INTERNAL SPEECH AND THOUGHT

L'auteur passe en revue les recherches théoriques et expérimentales qui concernent le problème de la parole intérieure et de la pensée. Parmi les nombreux aspects de ce problème, L'auteur examine tout d'abord le rôle des kinesthésies verbales; elles constituent un “code kinesthésique” de la pensée à L'aide duquel les diverses informations sensorielles sont fixées et traitées logiquement. Cette conception s'appuie sur des expériences de blocage temporaire et d'inhibition de la parole intérieure, ainsi que sur des recherches électro-physiologiques relatives à L'articulation latente au cours de L'activité mentale (résolution de problèmes verbaux et perceptifs, lecture silencieuse et compréhension de textes, etc.). Les résultats ici consignés sont relatifs à différentes catégories de sujets: adultes normaux, enfants, sourds, aphasiques. L'analyse de ces résultats expérimentaux permet de conclure à L'existence d'une connexion indissoluble entre pensée et langage: L'émission verbale intérieure se réduit progressivement et elle est remplacée par des “complexes sémantiques” qui fonctionnent sous la forme de “mots clés” en combinaison avec de nombreux autres symboles. Les “complexes sémantiques” décrits dans L'article sont tout à fait distincts et agissent comme des “quantas de pensée”. Ces études permettent de considérer la pensée comme une activité dont le but est de traiter L'information sensorielle à L'aide de la logique et du langage: il est nécessaire de prendre en considération tous les aspects de son fonctionnement, y compris les divers codes de la parole intérieure.     

CAPACITY AND DELAYED SPEECH

The experiment tests a hypothesis based on limited capacity under conditions of normal and delayed auditory feedback. Three predictions are tested on reading material in which syntax and coherent meaning are introduced as separate constraints. The hypothesis predicts that the difference between normal and delayed speech rates will be inversely related to the redundancy of the material but that the ratio of delayed/normal readings will remain constant across the passages since this measure also takes account of reading speed. A third measure, based on a selective analysis of speech disturbances, also confirms a prediction that the likelihood of speech disturbances increase throughout a sentence unit. The effects of delayed feedback are briefly discussed within the context of two recent models of information processing.     

THE APPLICATION OF NATURALISTIC CONVERSATION TRAINING TO SPEECH PRODUCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DISABILITIES

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of including speech production into naturalistic conversation training for 2 children with speech production disabilities. A multiple baseline design across behaviors (target phonemes) and across subjects (for the same phoneme) indicated that naturalistic conversation training resulted in improved spontaneous speech production. The implications of these findings are discussed relative to existing models of speech production training and other aspects of communication disorders.     

言语产生的认知神经机制

从认知神经科学的角度阐述了言语产生中时间进程及其激活脑区的研究进展。首先简单介绍了言语产生中词汇通达的2种理论观点。在此基础上介绍了运用电生理技术指标LRP和N200,采用双重判断任务范式对言语产生的时间进程的研究。最后论述了有关语言产生的神经心理学研究和脑成像研究,重点阐述了言语产生中时间进程相对应的激活脑区,言语产生的脑区表现出左侧化趋势。     

SPEECH PERCEPTION AS A TALKER-CONTINGENT PROCESS

Abstract— To determine how familiarity with a talker's voice affects perception of spoken words, we trained two groups of subjects to recognize a set of voices over a 9-day period One group then identified novel words produced by the same set of talkers at four signal-to-noise ratios Control subjects identified the same words produced by a different set of talkers The results showed that the ability to identify a talker's voice improved intelligibility of novel words produced by that talker The results suggest that speech perception may involve talker-contingent processes whereby perceptual learning of aspects of the vocal source facilitates the subsequent phonetic analysis of the acoustic signal     

SPEECH PREPARATION PROCESSES AND VERBAL FLUENCY

Preparation of speech in advance of actual production has consistently been shown to result in greater speech fluency. This observation is important given the impact of speech fluency in social perception; however, it raises questions concerning the nature of the processes by which communicative behaviors are prepared and of the representation of those behaviors in the cognitive system. The current research represents an attempt to address these issues. In Experiment I subjects provided with an abstract problem-solution sequence exhibited less silent pausing during speech than a control group which was not given such a sequence. A second experimental group provided with an abstract solution-problem sequence exhibited less pausing than the control group, but not significantly so. In Experiment II, increasing practice with the solution-problem sequence was found to lead a decreasing linear trend in silent pausing. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the nature of production of communicative behavior.     

INCREASING AUTISTIC CHILDREN'S DAILY SPONTANEOUS SPEECH

We investigated the effectiveness of teaching parents of 3 autistic boys to use a time delay procedure to increase their children's appropriate spontaneous speech in several naturally occurring daily settings (e.g., saying “good morning” in the morning). Generalization across settings and within settings across persons and locations was assessed. Variation in the children's spontaneous speech was also assessed. In addition procedural errors in the parents' use of time delay were calculated. Results indicated that all children increased their daily spontaneous speech and generalized their speech to other locations and persons.