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1.
Choice of units of analysis is a critical problem in evaluating environmental assessment items. The “Ecological Fallacy” involves
interpreting results based on ecological entities, such as environmental settings, as applying to individuals. A less familiar
error, the “Individual Differences Fallacy,” involves interpreting results based on individuals as applying to settings. Although
this second error has been ubiquitous, little is known about the empirical consequences of using different units of analysis
in item analysis. This study examined this issue when the units were (1) individuals, (2) observed settings, or (3) “artificial”
or random settings. Neither item validities based on individuals nor item validities based on settings yielded unequivocal
results. However, a measure developed specifically for environmental research, the Split-Sample Correlation, appeared useful
for identifying environmental items. Researchers constructing environmental assessment scales should select items with both
high Split-Sample Correlations and high setting-level item validities. 相似文献
2.
Reinhard Kahle 《Synthese》2006,148(3):659-673
We give a reading of binary necessity statements of the form “ϕ is necessary for ψ” in terms of proofs. This reading is based
on the idea of interpreting such statements as “Every proof of ψ uses ϕ”. 相似文献
3.
A rasch model for partial credit scoring 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Geoff N. Masters 《Psychometrika》1982,47(2):149-174
A unidimensional latent trait model for responses scored in two or more ordered categories is developed. This “Partial Credit”
model is a member of the family of latent trait models which share the property of parameter separability and so permit “specifically
objective” comparisons of persons and items. The model can be viewed as an extension of Andrich's Rating Scale model to situations
in which ordered response alternatives are free to vary in number and structure from item to item. The difference between
the parameters in this model and the “category boundaries” in Samejima's Graded Response model is demonstrated. An unconditional
maximum likelihood procedure for estimating the model parameters is developed.
Preparation of this paper was supported by grants from the Spencer Foundation and the National Institute for Justice. I would
like to thank Professor Benjamin D. Wright of the University of Chicago for his very kind help with the various drafts of
this paper. 相似文献
4.
Mael's taxonomy of biodata item attributes is applied to two biodata instruments in order to investigate the relationship between item attributes and (1) validity and (2) socially desirable responding. The results show a strong relationship between item attributes and validity, with items that are more historical, external, objective, discrete, and verifiable and less job relevant displaying stronger validities. Weaker relationships are observed between the item attributes and socially desirable responding. Implications of these results for building a clearinghouse for documentation of objective biodata items is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Michelle Chan Bernhard Ross Guy Earle Jeremy B. Caplan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):945-951
Memory often requires knowledge of the order of events. Previous findings about immediate judgments of relative order in short,
subspan lists are variable regarding whether participants’ strategy is to search memory in the forward direction, starting
from the first list item and progressing toward the end item, or in the backward direction, starting from the end item and
progressing toward the start. We asked whether wording of the instructions influences participants’ search direction. Participants
studied sequences of three to six consonants, and for an immediate, two-item probe of each list, judged which probe was presented
earlier (“earlier” instruction) or later (“later” instruction) on the list. Forward and backward searches were supported for
“earlier” and “later” instructions, respectively. Our findings suggest that participants have more than one effective strategy
for order judgments in short lists, and that subtle instructional differences can bias memory search in either the forward
or backward direction. 相似文献
6.
Benedict T. McWhirter 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1990,9(1):56-68
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA) is described and used as a unidimensional measure of loneliness; conceptualizing
and assessing loneliness as a unitary, global experience. The present study suggests that the R-UCLA is a multidimensional
measure of loneliness that assesses more than one construct of the loneliness experience. Results of principal axis factor
analysis suggest that the R-UCLA measures three dimensions of loneliness: loneliness related to (a) “intimate others,” (b)
“social others,” and (c) the “affiliative environment.” These findings may affect the utilization of the R-UCLA in future
assessment, research, and intervention. These implications are discussed.
This article is based on the author’s master’s thesis, submitted for the Master of Counseling degree at Arizona State University. 相似文献
7.
“Cognitive asynchrony theory,” recently developed in research on aging and memory, implies a functional distinction between
the processing of “feature-intensive” items, those with numerous identifiable features, and the processing of images which
are relatively sparse in such features and are handled in a more wholistic, “gestalt” manner. The present experiments addressed
the question of whether such a distinction exists outside the realms of memory in which it has thus far been addressed. The
present work used mental rotation as a model system. Consistent with the predictions of this model, Experiment 1 showed that
feature-intensive figures required significantly more time to rotate than did gestalt figures, even though angles of rotation
were the same. Experiment 2 demonstrated that feature-intensive processing may involve verbally-accessible semantic systems
to a greater degree than is the case with “gestalt” items. Experiment 3 identified significant practice effects of feature-intensive
stimuli on the processing of gestalt stimuli, but not the reverse. The results of these experiments indicate that the “gestalt/feature-intensive”
processing distinction extends to mental rotation as well as to memory. Implications for the nature of mental representation
of verbal and visual materials are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Benedict T. McWhirter 《Current Psychology》1990,9(1):56-68
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA) is described and used as a unidimensional measure of loneliness; conceptualizing
and assessing loneliness as a unitary, global experience. The present study suggests that the R-UCLA is a multidimensional
measure of loneliness that assesses more than one construct of the loneliness experience. Results of principal axis factor
analysis suggest that the R-UCLA measures three dimensions of loneliness: loneliness related to (a) “intimate others,” (b)
“social others,” and (c) the “affiliative environment.” These findings may affect the utilization of the R-UCLA in future
assessment, research, and intervention. These implications are discussed.
This article is based on the author’s master’s thesis, submitted for the Master of Counseling degree at Arizona State University.
This research was supported by a grant from the Arizona State University Graduate Student Association Research Development
Program. 相似文献
9.
“Cognitive asynchrony theory,” recently developed in research on aging and memory, implies a functional distinction between
the processing of “feature-intensive” items, those with numerous identifiable features, and the processing of images which
are relatively sparse in such features and are handled in a more wholistic, “gestalt” manner. The present experiments addressed
the question of whether such a distinction exists outside the realms of memory in which it has thus far been addressed. The
present work used mental rotation as a model system. Consistent with the predictions of this model, Experiment 1 showed that
feature-intensive figures required significantly more time to rotate than did gestalt figures, even though angles of rotation
were the same. Experiment 2 demonstrated that feature-intensive processing may involve verbally-accessible semantic systems
to a greater degree than is the case with “gestalt” items. Experiment 3 identified significant practice effects of feature-intensive
stimuli on the processing of gestalt stimuli, but not the reverse. The results of these experiments indicate that the “gestalt/feature-intensive”
processing distinction extends to mental rotation as well as to memory. Implications for the nature of mental representation
of verbal and visual materials are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Richard A. Hilbert 《Human Studies》2010,33(1):41-64
Little sociological attention is directed to dreams and dreaming, and none at all is directed to how people tell one another
about dreams. Ordinary settings in which dreams are told mimic the conditions of “breaching” experiments and should produce
anomie, but dream telling proceeds without trouble. Foundational orientations of ordinary dream talk assimilate into professional
dream studies, where dream narratives are “data” and the analysis of narratives is “dream analysis.” That such practices proceed
without trouble poses some interesting problems for sociology in terms of how anyone experiences “constraint” in the telling
and hearing of dreams. 相似文献
11.
Douglas D. Perkins 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):765-794
The popularity, and subsequent ambiguity, in the use of the term “empowerment” has created an even greater need for reassessment
in the applied context than in the theory and research literatures. This paper outlines some of the areas of community, organizational,
and societal level social intervention and policy ostensibly based on the concept of empowerment. These include neighborhood
voluntary associations (for environmental protection, community crime prevention, etc.), self-help groups, competence-building
primary prevention, organizational management, health care and educational reforms, and national and international community
service and community development policies. Issues in applying social research to community organizations and to legislative
and administrative policy making are reviewed. Ten recommendations are offered, including the value of a dialectical analysis,
for helping researchers and policy makers/administrators make more effective use of empowerment theory and research.
Humpty Dumpty: “When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean neither more nor less.”
King of Hearts: “If there's no meaning in it, that saves a world of trouble, you know, as we needn't try to find any.”—Lewis
Carroll
Portions of this paper were first presented in the program “Empowerment Theory, Research and policy” at the Biennial Conference
on Community Research and Action, Williamsburg, Virginia, June 18, 1993. The author thanks Barbara B. Brown, Jo Ann Lippe,
Ken Maton and his students, David V. Perkins, Marc A. Zimmerman, and the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments
on earlier drafts. 相似文献
12.
Xize Deng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(4):609-627
The goal of “(modern) Chinese Philosophy” established during the period of the May 4th Movement is to reestablish the meaning
of life for Chinese people. However, because it takes the approach of interpreting Chinese thinking through a Western lens,
thus forming a discourse pattern of “Chinese A is Western B,” which is only capable of manifesting Western culture, “Chinese
Philosophy” is made logically impossible as the ideological source from which modern Chinese thinkers could construct the
meaning of life. The ideological source of the still lasting traditional lifestyle is Yili Xue 义理学 (The Learning of Righteousness and Principles); whereas that of modern life, which was established as an imitation of
the West, is Western culture. Neither of them takes “Chinese Philosophy” as its ideological source. Therefore, “Chinese Philosophy”
is excluded from the construction of the meaning of life, and falls into the dilemma of life meaning. 相似文献
13.
Wisniewski EJ 《Memory & cognition》2000,28(1):35-38
In their paper “Interactive Property Attribution in Concept Combination,” Estes and Glucksberg (2000) suggest an alternative to the alignment view of property interpretation— one based on salience and relevance of features. I suggest that alignment as well as feature salience and relevance are crucial to property interpretation. In making their claims, Estes and Glucksberg also assume that similarity has inverse effects on two important ways of interpreting combinations (i.e., property and relation interpretations). I show that this assumption does not generally hold and provide an alternative explanation for their results (one based on the plausibility of relation interpretations). 相似文献
14.
Although the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS) has been utilized across several clinical settings, its potential utility
within forensic psychiatric hospitals has not yet been investigated. Given the diversity of training and background among
correctional mental health workers (i.e., psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, recreation therapists,
psychologists, social workers,etc.) it is possible that the uniform use of the BPRS among the correctional staff would require
extensive training and that substantial “refresher” training may be required to maintain the integrity of rater practices.
The present study examined the ability of previously trained forensic mental health professionals to accurately assess psychopathology
using the BPRS. Overall,experienced raters demonstrated relatively high concordance rates with “gold standard” ratings across
three BPRS training videos (Case 1, Case2 and Case 3). No overall “rater drift” was apparent. However, raters were found to
make significantly more errors when rating behavioral observation ratings than for ratings based on self-report patient statements.
Findings suggest that ratings done by forensic mental health workers are relatively accurate when compared to “gold standard”
ratings established for assessment of community and forensic psychiatric patients.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Arndt Bϋssing Thomas Ostermann Peter F. Matthiessen 《Journal of religion and health》2007,46(2):267-286
As the interest in non-institutional spirituality increases, it is unclear which aspects of the multidimensional construct
are vital. We thus developed an open 40-item questionnaire to measure distinct expressions of spirituality and tested it in
488 healthy individuals. Reliability and factor analysis resulted in an instrument with seven factors (Cronbach’s α = 0.942):
“Prayer, trust in God and shelter”, “Insight, awareness and wisdom”, “Transcendence conviction”, “Compassion, generosity and
patience”, “Conscious interactions”, “Gratitude, reverence and respect” and “Equanimity”. This explorative research tool may
give relevant information for health cares and chaplains, and provides insights in distinct aspects of vital spirituality. 相似文献
16.
17.
Christopher?A.?Flessner Douglas?W.?Woods Martin?E.?Franklin Susan?E.?Cashin Nancy?J.?Keuthen Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(1):20-30
This article describes the development of the Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version (MIST-A),
which was designed to assess “automatic” and “focused” pulling subtypes of trichotillomania (TTM). Participants reporting
symptoms of TTM (n = 1,697) completed an internet survey; participants were later randomly assigned to either Exploratory (n = 848) or Confirmatory (n = 849) Analyses. Exploratory Analyses examined the development and psychometric properties of the MIST-A. Results of an exploratory
factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution. Factor 1 (“focused” pulling scale) and 2 (“automatic” pulling scale) consisted
of ten and five items respectively, with both scales demonstrating adequate internal consistency and good construct and discriminant
validity. Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated support for the scale’s underlying factor structure. The MIST-A
provides researchers with a reliable and valid assessment of “automatic” and “focused” pulling, although replication using
a clinically ascertained sample is necessary.
相似文献
Douglas W. WoodsEmail: |
18.
The present study compared chronic procrastination tendencies claimed by “whitecollar” working adults (n = 141) with rates reported by Harriott and Ferrari ( 1996) of “blue-collar” working adults (n - 211). Participants completed reliable and valid measures of everyday procrastination tendencies (decisional, arousal, and
avoidant), and socio-demographic items at one of several public forums. Results showed no significant difference between classes
of working adults on age, gender, marital status, or the number of children, although “white-collar” workers claimed higher
levels of education than “blue-collar” workers. “White-collar” workers also reported significantly higher scores on all three
forms of chronic procrastination than “blue-collar” workers. It seems that professional employees report procrastination more
frequently than unskilled workers. Further research is needed to explore the causes and consequences associated with differences
in chronic procrastination by occupational group. 相似文献
19.
Quantum logic as a dynamic logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We address the old question whether a logical understanding of Quantum Mechanics requires abandoning some of the principles
of classical logic. Against Putnam and others (Among whom we may count or not E. W. Beth, depending on how we interpret some
of his statements), our answer is a clear “no”. Philosophically, our argument is based on combining a formal semantic approach, in the spirit of E. W. Beth’s proposal of applying Tarski’s semantical methods to the analysis of physical theories,
with an empirical–experimental approach to Logic, as advocated by both Beth and Putnam, but understood by us in the view of the operational- realistic tradition of Jauch and Piron, i.e. as an investigation of “the logic of yes–no experiments” (or “questions”). Technically, we use the
recently-developed setting of Quantum Dynamic Logic (Baltag and Smets 2005, 2008) to make explicit the operational meaning of quantum-mechanical concepts in our formal semantics. Based on our recent results
(Baltag and Smets 2005), we show that the correct interpretation of quantum-logical connectives is dynamical, rather than purely propositional. We conclude that there is no contradiction between classical logic and (our dynamic reinterpretation
of) quantum logic. Moreover, we argue that the Dynamic-Logical perspective leads to a better and deeper understanding of the
“non-classicality” of quantum behavior than any perspective based on static Propositional Logic. 相似文献
20.
Call J 《Animal cognition》2006,9(4):393-403
This study investigated the ability of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos to make inferences by exclusion using the procedure pioneered by Premack and Premack (Cognition 50:347–362, 1994) with chimpanzees. Thirty apes were presented with two different food items (banana vs. grape) on a platform and covered with identical containers. One of the items was removed from the container and placed between the two containers so that subjects could see it. After discarding this item, subjects could select between the two containers. In Experiment 1, apes preferentially selected the container that held the item that the experimenter had not discarded, especially if subjects saw the experimenter remove the item from the container (but without seeing the container empty). Experiment 3 in which the food was removed from one of the containers behind a barrier confirmed these results. In contrast, subjects performed at chance levels when a stimulus (colored plastic chip: Exp. 1; food item: Exp. 2 and Exp. 3) designated the item that had been removed. These results indicated that apes made inferences, not just learned to use a discriminative cue to avoid the empty container. Apes perceived and treated the item discarded by the experimenter as if it were the very one that had been hidden under the container. Results suggested a positive relationship between age and inferential ability independent of memory ability but no species differences.This contribution is part of the special issue “Animal Logics” (Watanabe and Huber 2006). 相似文献