他人和自身着装风格对消费行为的影响：基于调节定向理论的阐释

基于调节定向理论搭建了着装风格(正式vs.休闲)影响消费者心理和行为的模型框架。在观察者视角下,他人正式着装(vs.休闲着装)时,消费者通过关注收益、积极情绪体验、抱负目标状态表征这三个动机特征维度表现出促进型反应;通过关注威胁、消极情绪体验、警戒行为策略这三个动机特征维度表现出预防型反应。在穿着者视角下,消费者自身正式着装(vs.休闲着装)时,通过理想自我导向、抱负目标状态表征及积极情绪体验这三个动机特征维度表现出促进型反应;通过责任自我导向、道德需求、消极结果关注这三个动机特征维度表现出预防型反应。上述过程中自我建构、卷入度,自我监控及环境规范通过影响调节定向的特征状态发挥调节作用。未来研究应继续关注特质性和情境性调节定向对消费者着装反应的交互影响,用调节定向理论阐释其他着装类型对消费行为的影响,着装风格导致消费者促进定向还是预防定向的调节变量,以及着装风格影响消费者行为的其他后效。     

中国大学生的自我验证动机和自我提高动机研究

当人们寻求别人评价时,会受到自我验证和自我提高动机两大动机的影响,而文化因素却影响了这两种动机的强弱表现。本研究探讨了在中国文化背景下这两种动机的表现,结果发现,我国大学生被试在寻求别人评价时,同时都表现出强的自我提高和自我验证动机。     

女性着装行为与身体自我的关系:实证研究现状及展望

身体自我是个体对与自己身体有关的自我意识,它包括对自己身体的认知评价(身体自我概念、身体意象)、由此产生的对身体的满意度和个体对自己身体的管理三个方面。女性着装行为与身体自我的关系密切,本文从三方面分析了二者关系的研究进展与现状。未来研究应明确着装的暴露度与合身度的影响,探究服装选择行为的理论和机制,重视着装行为与身体自我的调节因素,并加强实验研究和跨文化研究。     

中小学生感觉寻求量表的编制与应用

通过文献分析和实证研究,构建了中小学生感觉寻求的理论维度,并据此编制了中小学生感觉寻求的测量量表。以14,560名中小学生为有效被试,对量表进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后表明:中小学生感觉寻求包含两个维度,即兴奋与冒险寻求、去抑制,所构建的中小学生感觉寻求理论体系比较合理,中小学生感觉寻求量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为中小学生感觉寻求研究的测量工具。我国中小学生感觉寻求特点同国外研究结果表现出大体相同趋势。兴奋与冒险寻求、去抑制,以及综合感觉寻求水平,男生均显著高于女生。从年级发展趋势看,中小学生感觉寻求水平总体上逐年增高。     

数学家庭作业动机量表在中国青少年群体中的信效度检验

目的:在中国青少年中对数学家庭作业动机量表进行修订并考察其信效度。方法:采用方便取样选取762名青少年,对数学家庭作业动机量表进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、测量等值性检验以及信效度分析。结果:中文版数学家庭作业动机量表包括认同调节、内部动机、外在调节和内摄调节4个因素,并具有跨性别和跨年龄组的测量等值性以及良好的效标效度和信度。结论:修订后的数学家庭作业动机量表具有良好的心理测量学指标,可以作为测量和评估中国青少年数学家庭作业动机的有效工具。     

内部动机、外部动机与创造力的关系研究

本研究以277名文科三、四年级的大学生为被试,综合考察在故事、连线和命名任务下,内部动机,外部动机对创造力表现的影响。多变量方差分析发现,对于三个测验的共同部分,内部动机和外部动机的主效应均显著,但交互作用不显著。分别对每个任务进行方差分析发现,对于连线任务而言,内部动机和外部动机的主效应均显著;对于命名任务而言,外部动机的主效应显著,内部动机的主效应不显著;对于故事任务而言,内部动机和外部动机的主效应不显著。内部动机与外部动机之间在三个任务中均不存在显著的交互作用。多重回归分析发现,对于不同的任务,内部动机与外部动机的贡献显著不同。     

生命意义寻求的原因:成长抑或危机

生命意义寻求指追求对自己生活的理解、发现或确立生活目的、或者寻求生命重要感的动机和努力。当前,学界关于意义寻求的动因并未达成共识。"缺失恢复观"认为生命意义寻求的动力缘于意义缺失,意义一旦恢复,个体的寻求努力便会衰减;而"生命肯定观"则主张生命意义寻求的动力缘于对自我生命意义体验的巩固和加强,个体在寻求意义的过程中将永远保持不竭的动力。本文介绍和讨论了两种观点的证据、不足和适用情形,并在此基础上提出了意义寻求的前置因素模型。该模型假设意义寻求以意义需求为前提,认为只要知觉到的当前意义低于或高于原有意义水平,就会诱发意义寻求动机。未来研究亟需编制多维意义寻求量表、加强该领域的实验研究并探索影响意义寻求判断的因素。     

创新自我效能感对创新行为的影响:多重中介效应分析

采用创新自我效能感量表、内部动机量表、外部动机量表和创新行为量表,对北京和天津地区的144名科技创新者进行问卷调查,检验了科技创新者的创新自我效能感、内部动机、外部动机与创新行为之间的关系。研究结果发现创新自我效能感、内部动机、外部动机和创新行为之间均存在显著正相关;创新自我效能感、内部动机和外部动机均可正向预测创新行为;外部动机和内部动机在创新自我效能感和创新行为之间起多重中介作用。研究结果初步揭示了科技创新领域中创新动机、自我效能感和创新行为之间的动态关系。     

中小学生体育锻炼感觉和体育运动动机与心理健康关系的研究

采用心理测量法对中小学生目标人群进行体育锻炼感觉量表(EFI)、体育运动动机量表(SMS)和心理健康诊断测验(MHT)等量表的测试,并以路径分析的方法来确定量表各维度之间的相互关系,探讨这些维度对学生总体心理健康水平的影响途径和力度。结果表明：(1)学生参加体育活动的积极性、体育活动后的疲劳程度和参与体育活动的外部动机直接影响学生的心理健康。(2)内部动机是导致心理健康产生变化的根本因素,通过体育活动提高学生心理健康水平的主要途径是强化学生参与体育活动的内部动机。     

组织中信息寻求的动机及其影响因素

组织中反馈的缺乏和新员工面临的不确定性使得主动的信息寻求成为员工获取相关信息的重要机制。人们的信息寻求行为可能受到获取有用信息的工具性动机、自我保护动机和印象管理动机的驱动, 这三种动机分别受到一系列个体特征和情景因素的影响。探索多种动机的平衡、虚拟情境下信息寻求的动机、管理者反馈寻求的动机, 以及信息寻求动机与信息有效性之间的关系等应是未来的研究方向。     

Dispositional optimism among American and Jordanian college students: Are Westerners really more upbeat than Easterners?

The present study aimed at assessing some previous research conclusions, based primarily on comparisons of North Americans and East Asians, that Westerners tend to be optimistic while Easterners tend to be pessimistic. Two samples of European American and Jordanian college students were administered a questionnaire consisting of items measuring dispositional optimism along with items pertaining to risk and self‐protective behaviors (e.g., seatbelt use, vehicular speeding, smoking) and social and demographic factors (e.g., sex, socioeconomic status, religiosity). The findings uncovered dispositional optimism to be stronger for American compared to Jordanian participants. Separate analyses of optimism versus pessimism revealed that Jordanian participants were more pessimistic, but not less optimistic than their American counterparts. No significant correlations were found between dispositional optimism and sex, socioeconomic status, or religiosity. The levels of optimism displayed by Jordanians in this study are inconsistent with previous claims of an optimistic West and a pessimistic East, and suggest that self‐enhancing processes may not be confined to Western or highly individualistic groups. The findings did not uncover an association between dispositional optimism and risk or self‐protective behaviors. Multiple regression analyses showed cultural background and sex to be the best predictors of these behaviors. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Fairness,Self‐Interest,and Cooperation in a Real‐Life Conflict1

Effects of procedural fairness and self‐interest on cooperation vs. hardness in an urban planning conflict were examined in a questionnaire study. The self‐interest perspective posits that people seek to maximize their outcomes and, therefore, cooperate only when they can gain advantages or avoid disadvantages by doing so, while fairness models of cooperation view cooperative actions as based mainly on justice motives. The data give strong support for the fairness hypothesis, showing that self‐interest accounts only for hard strategies, whereas justice motives explain a considerable part of cooperation. The impact of the results on further research on social conflicts and their settlement, as well as the elaboration of models of fairness in the social psychology of conflicts are discussed.     

非言语五因素人格问卷(FF-NPQ):一种半投射式人格测验评介

非言语五因素人格问卷(FF-NPQ)由Paunonen等人于2001年开发,用于测查人格五因素。它是一种半投射式人格测验,由60幅黑白图片组成,被试用7点李克特量表评价图中中心人物的行为。FF-NPQ多用于跨文化研究,也可用于文盲、老人或有语言、阅读障碍人群的人格研究。多个国家研究表明,FF-NPQ的内部一致性信度、与多个言语式五因素人格问卷的会聚效度及对行为的预测效度,均达到了心理测量学要求。在中国,该测验尚未使用,建议引进并根据使用情况修订。     

Ethnic identification biases responses to the Padua Inventory for obsessive-compulsive disorder

The authors report differential item functioning (DIF) between Black and White participants completing the 60-item Padua Inventory (PI) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The authors use an Internet-generated sample that included 105 Blacks, 67 Hispanics, 582 Whites, and 136 additional participants reporting an OCD diagnosis. Factor analysis replicated prior work indicating the PI consists of four factors: contamination fears, checking behaviors, impaired control over thoughts, and fear of losing control over impulses. On the contamination subscale, nonclinical Black and Hispanic mean scores were as high as the OCD group. Comparing Blacks to Whites, the authors applied an item response theory, DIF-graded response model to each factor and found significant DIF on eight items, with biased items in each factor. Results suggest that extraneous factors contribute to racial differences on scores. Cultural practices and fear of being negatively stereotyped may contribute to item bias.     

Conflicting social motives in negotiating groups

Negotiators' social motives (cooperative vs. individualistic) influence their strategic behaviors. In this study, the authors used multilevel modeling and analyses of strategy sequences to test hypotheses regarding how negotiators' social motives and the composition of the group influence group members' negotiation strategies. Four-person groups negotiating a 5-issue mixed-motive decision-making task were videotaped, and the tapes were transcribed and coded. Group composition included 2 homogeneous conditions (all cooperators and all individualists) and 3 heterogeneous conditions (3 cooperators and 1 individualist, 2 cooperators and 2 individualists, 1 cooperator and 3 individualists). Results showed that cooperative negotiators adjusted their use of integrative and distributive strategies in response to the social-motive composition of the group, but individualistic negotiators did not. Results from analyses of strategy sequences showed that cooperators responded more systematically to others' behaviors than did individualists. They also redirected the negotiation depending on group composition.     

Psychometric Qualities and Measurement Invariance of the Modified Self‐Rated Creativity Scale

The 13‐item self‐rated creativity scale (SRCS) initially developed for supervisory rating of employees’ creativity was modified by some researchers and used as a self‐report of creativity. However, it is not clear if the modified SRCS is psychometrically sound. The present study addressed this gap in three studies (N = 1,033). The exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed a two‐factor solution after removing Item 9 due to low factor loading. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used in Study 2 to examine and compare the conceptual one‐factor model with 13 items (Model 1), one‐factor model with 12 items (Model 2), two‐factor model with 12 items (Model 3), and the 12‐item bifactor model with one general factor and two specific factors (Model 4). The results indicated that Model 4 is more superior to all the competing models. Study 3 further confirmed that the bifactor model, showed support to the reliability and convergent validity, and found partial metric invariance across Chinese and Malay undergraduates. Taken together, the modified (12‐item) SRCS is a psychometrically sound tool for self‐rated creativity in the Malaysian context.     

Differential item functioning in an international 360-degree assessment: Evidence of gender stereotype,environmental complexity,and organizational contingency

This research used logistic regression to model item responses from a popular 360-degree-for-development survey used in a leadership development programme given to middle and upper level European managers in Brussels. The survey contained 106 items on 16 scales. The model used gender of ratee and rater group to identify items that exhibited differential item functioning (DIF). The rater groups were self, boss, peer, and direct report. The sample consisted of 356 survey families where a survey family consisted of a matched set of four surveys: one self, one boss, one peer, and one direct report. The sample contained 88% male and 12% female raters. The sample contained 1424 total surveys. The procedure for flagging items exhibiting differential functioning used effect size computed from Wald chi-square statistics rather than statistical significance, resulting in fewer flagged items. One item exhibited rating anomalies due to the gender of the ratee; 55 items exhibited DIF attributable to rater group. The apparent effect of the DIF was small with each item. An examination of the maximum likelihood parameter estimates suggested the rater group DIF was the result of either hierarchical complexity or organizational contingency. The DIF due to gender conformed to prior expectations of gender-related stereotypical interpretations. This research further suggested that DIF due to environmental complexity or organizational contingency could be a naturally occurring phenomenon in some 360-degree assessment, and that the interpretation of some 360-degree feedback could need to include the potential for such DIF to exist.     

A CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL REEXAMINATION OF THE MEASUREMENT OF THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY OF ITEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DETECTING DESIRABLE RESPONSE STYLE AND SCALE DEVELOPMENT

This paper calls into question traditional methods of measuring the social desirability of items and their use in scale construction. First, we make explicit that the proper focus for desirability studies of items and traits are the rated desirabilities of the alternative item responses indicating different trait levels. Second, the results from our first study show that the relation between degree of endorsement of an item and its judged desirability level is often nonlinear and varies across items such that no general model of item desirability can be adopted that will accurately represent the relations across all items, traits, and trait levels. In addition, the nature of these relationships can vary depending on whether desirability is considered in a work or general context. Third, results from a second study indicate specifically that people when instructed to self-present in a maximally desirable manner will choose for some attributes a moderate level of endorsement (e.g., "agree") rather than a more extreme response option (e.g., "strongly agree"). Subjects offer several different reasons for viewing the less extreme response options, which yield more moderate trait level scores, as more desirable. These reasons are linked to perceptions of the more extreme response option as being associated with negative behaviors and concerns about how others will view a more extreme response to the item. Both studies indicate that desirable responding to personality items is more complex than previously believed.     

Adolescent reasons for quitting smoking: initial psychometric evaluation.

Most adolescent smokers report intentions to quit, and the majority attempt cessation. However, little is known regarding the relationship between adolescent motives for cessation and smoking cessation efforts. To this end, the present study describes an initial evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Adolescent Reasons for Quitting scale (ARFQ), a measure of adolescent motives for smoking cessation. Participants were 109 current smoking high school students assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The ARFQ item content and format was developed in a separate qualitative study with 36 high school students who had previously attempted to quit smoking. Exploratory factor analyses of ARFQ items yielded 3 subscales: Short-Term Consequences, Social Disapproval, and Long-Term Concerns. Validation analyses were conducted in relation to concurrent intentions to stop smoking and prospective smoking cessation attempts, providing evidence of concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity. In particular, the Social Disapproval and Long-Term Concerns subscales significantly predicted subsequent cessation attempts. As such, the ARFQ may prove valuable for informing interventions to encourage adolescent smoking cessation.     

Using Personality Item Characteristics to Predict Single‐Item Internal Reliability,Retest Reliability,and Self–Other Agreement

The use of reliability estimates is increasingly scrutinized as scholars become more aware that test–retest stability and self–other agreement provide a better approximation of the theoretical and practical usefulness of an instrument than its internal reliability. In this study, we investigate item characteristics that potentially impact single‐item internal reliability, retest reliability, and self–other agreement. Across two large samples (N = 6690 and N = 4396), two countries (Estonia and The Netherlands), and two personality inventories (the NEO PI‐3 and the HEXACO‐PI‐R), results show that (i) item variance is a strong predictor of self–other agreement and retest reliability but not of single‐item internal reliability; (ii) item variance mediates the relations between evaluativeness and self–other agreement; and (iii) self–other agreement is predicted by observability and item domain. On the whole, weak relations between item length, negations, and item position (indicating effects of questionnaire length) on the one hand, and single‐item internal reliability, retest reliability, and self–other agreement on the other, were observed. In order to increase the predictive validity of personality scales, our findings suggest that during the construction of questionnaire items, researchers are advised to pay close attention especially to item variance, but also to evaluativeness and observability. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology