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1.
This special issue includes seven articles that make significant contribution to the literature pertaining to knowledge and
public policy around Free, Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS). Focusing on questions in two themes (i) motivation and
organization and (ii) public policy, the articles in this volume develop new analytic models and report on new empirical findings,
as an important step in bridging the wide gap that exists in public policy literature around FLOSS. Warning against rhetorical
pitfalls that have been prevalent in FLOSS research, this introduction starts with a short history of FLOSS development, continues
with a brief thematic literature review and review of the misconceptions surrounding FLOSS, and concludes with a first introduction
of the articles that follow.
He is part of the Dutch Institute of Government (NIG), the research school for public administration and political science.
His research focuses on the organization of open source communities. He received two grants from the Netherlands Organization
for Scientific Research (NWO) for research related to open source communities. The first grant was to study the interplay
between intellectual property rights and open source communities. The results are published in Governing the Virtual Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2003). He has written numerous articles on open source, which have appeared in journals like
Electronic Markets; Knowledge, Technology and Policy; and the International Journal of IT Standards & Standardisation Research.
She received her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of York (UK) in 2004. Her Ph.D. research investigated the heterogeneity
and contingency in the Free, Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) social worlds, which is based on a constellation of hacking
practices, from the sociological perspective. Her principal research interests center on FLOSS studies, Science and Technology
Studies (STS), virtual communities and knowledge-sharing.
Shay is also a fellow at The Information Society Project at the Yale Law School. Shay holds a B.Sc. in computer science and
a B.A. in philosophy, magna cum laude, from Tel-Aviv University, and an M.A. from New York University where his interdisciplinary
research thesis focused on the political economy of free and open source software and file sharing networks. Shay is an entrepreneur
that co-founded two software start-up companies, and was involved for several years in cutting edge software research, combining
open source and proprietary software. 相似文献
2.
This paper discusses the process of secret communication known as steganography. The argument advanced here is that terrorists
are unlikely to be employing digital steganography to facilitate secret intra-group communication as has been claimed. This
is because terrorist use of digital steganography is both technically and operationally implausible. The position adopted
in this paper is that terrorists are likely to employ low-tech steganography such as semagrams and null ciphers instead.
Her research interests are in the area of terrorism and the Internet. She has published in Current History, the Journal of Information Warfare, and elsewhere. Her research has been facilitated by a grant from the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social
Sciences. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines how far new media technologies are transforming the nature of risk in contemporary society. It focuses
on the ways in which the Internet came to act as a key vehicle for the rapid circulation of news, rumors, and hoaxes, as well
as displays of public grieving, in the wake of September 11. The paper concludes by reassessing theories of “risk society”
in relation to growing anxieties about the nature of future terrorist attacks. It suggests that there is an urgent need to
understand how the dynamics of new media technologies are altering the ways in which we perceive such risks.
Her main research interests are focused around the news media and risk, and she is the author of Media, Culture and the Environment, UCL Press, 1997 (Rutgers University Press in the United States). 相似文献
4.
What is the relationship between human rights and the rights of states? Roughly, while cosmopolitans insist that international morality must regard as basic the interests of individuals, statists maintain that the state is of fundamental moral significance. This article defends a relational version of statism. Human rights are ultimately grounded in a relational norm of reciprocal independence and set limits to the exercise of public authority, but, contra the cosmopolitan, the state is of fundamental moral significance. A relational account promises to justify a limited conception of state sovereignty while avoiding the familiar cosmopolitan criticisms of statist accounts. 相似文献
5.
This paper defends a new norm of assertion: Assert that p only if you are in a position to know that p. We test the norm by judging its performance in explaining three phenomena that appear jointly inexplicable at first: Moorean paradoxes, lottery propositions, and selfless assertions. The norm succeeds by tethering unassertability to unknowability while untethering belief from assertion. The PtK-norm foregrounds the public nature of assertion as a practice that can be other-regarding, allowing asserters to act in the best interests of their audience when psychological pressures would otherwise prevent them from communicating the knowable truth. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACTIn 2015 a plan to celebrate the inaugural International Day of Yoga in Vancouver generated a powerful backlash. What might have been for some a public expression of their interest in a trendy wellness activity, and for others a meaningful demonstration of an important spiritual practice, was cancelled just a week after it was announced. How did this single postural yoga class so quickly and definitively galvanise public opinion, and what can this teach us about the machinations of public discourse? In this brief but revealing controversy, most interlocutors focused on local political considerations, paying somewhat less attention to the now common critique that postural yoga is elitist and vapid, and virtually none to claims and metaphors related to spirituality that circulated widely among practitioners and promoters. This incident may remind us that religious and spiritual claims are not sui generis but always part of larger social discourses that reveal a great deal about quite this-worldly concerns, interests, and values. 相似文献
7.
The importance that in-house software plays today in many organizations is without question. Perspectives of efficiencies,
effectiveness, competitive advantage, and so on are but three areas where such applications exist. Many organizations have
adopted measures to protect such software as a specific type of intellectual property. In the 1990s quite often the form of
protection taken is software patents. The understanding and enthusiasm about software patents that is exhibited by organizations
is not often shared by information systems researchers, however. For the most part, IS researchers dismiss software patents
as an appropriate protective measure. This paper presents some background on patents and their applicability to software.
Some US and international perspectives are also discussed to provide the reader with a somewhat broader perspective. We then
discuss several IS research endeavors that either dismiss patents, or treat them incorrectly. We conclude with a research
agenda for IS researchers.
the Department of Computer Information Systems & Quantitative Analysis, University of Arkansas. She has conducted extensive
research in the area of the law and information technology. Her published research has appeared in MIS Quarterly, Journal of Management Information Systems, and Knowledge and Policy.
His research interests include examination of the strategic aspects of information systems and the relationship between the
law and information technology. His research has been published in Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, and the Journal of Management Information Systems.
Her current research is focused on interogranizational systems and the human relationships that exist in parallel to these
systems. 相似文献
8.
Standardization is a means to achieve software compatibility, and not an end in itself. De facto, compatibility can also be
achieved by market dominance—irrespective of the software development process, which may range from a proprietary to an open
source approach. This article explores the compatibility strategies which companies use (diversity) and their effectiveness
(impact) by means of a case: Sun’s strategies regarding Java, a middleware technology where compatibility is crucial. It concludes
that, if we focus on de facto compatibility, standardization need not be the most effective strategy. Compatibility policy should address the critical
inclusion of proprietary and open source specifications.
Her interests include the role of standards consortia (e.g. recent EU project), and the impact of standards on infrastructure
development, a subject addressed in a European workshop she co-organized. She is editor of Tales of Standardisation, a web-based series of instructive and entertaining tales. 相似文献
9.
Approximately 50% of individuals fail to obtain treatment benefits when undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for binge-eating behaviors, making it necessary to evaluate additional approaches. Cue exposure and response prevention (CERP) is one such approach, although its effectiveness across studies has been inconsistent. This may be due to inconsistent implementation of theoretically based CERP strategies. This possibility has not yet been systematically investigated. To address this gap, this review investigated which CERP strategies have been incorporated into treatment protocols for binge eating, and if the use of certain strategies improves treatment effectiveness. Relevant studies were identified through reference lists, grey literature, and searches of electronic databases using multiple search terms related to CERP and binge eating, which resulted in 18 eligible studies. Most studies were underpowered, many were of low methodological quality, and none of the included studies utilized all of the strategies that have been recommended to optimize CERP. Despite these weaknesses, CERP appeared to reduce the frequency of binge eating in the short and long term. This review underscores the need for higher quality research that utilizes larger samples and uniform outcome measures that are more strongly grounded in theory. Such research would help improve treatment outcomes for binge eating. 相似文献
10.
Psychology has been a highly quantitative field since its conception as a science. However, a qualitative approach to psychological
research has gained increasing importance in the last decades, and an enduring debate between quantitative and qualitative
approaches has arisen. The recently developed Mixed Methods Research (MMR) addresses this debate by aiming to integrate quantitative
and qualitative approaches. This article outlines and discusses quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research approaches
with specific reference to their (1) philosophical foundations (i.e. basic sets of beliefs that ground inquiry), (2) methodological
assumptions (i.e. principles and formal conditions which guide scientific investigation), and (3) research methods (i.e. concrete
procedures for data collection, analysis and interpretation). We conclude that MMR may reasonably overcome the limitation
of purely quantitative and purely qualitative approaches at each of these levels, providing a fruitful context for a more
comprehensive psychological research.
Dr. Omar Gelo
is Assistant Professor in the department of Psychotherapeutic Sciences and Co-coordinator of the Doctoral Program in Psychotherapeutic
Sciences for foreign students at Sigmund Freud University, Vienna. His research interests in the field of psychotherapy research
concern the therapeutic process, with particular relevance of metaphorical language, emotional-cognitive regulation, and the
application of dynamic systems theory to the study of psychotherapy. He is moreover interested in linking process and outcome
in different psychotherapeutic orientations.
Dr. Diana Braakmann
is Assistant Professor in the department of Psychotherapeutic Sciences at Sigmund Freud University, Vienna. She is psychologist
and behaviour therapist with a specific training in dialectic behaviour therapy. Her psychotherapeutic work during the last
years was concentrated on treating Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disease. Her research interests
focus on the phenomenon of dissociation as well as the connection between process and outcome variables in psychotherapy.
Prof. Gerhard Benetka
studied psychology, history, sociology, and philosophy at the University of Vienna, obtaining his Master degree in Psychology
in 1989, PhD in Psychology in 1994, and habilitation of Psychology in 1998 at the University of Vienna. He is now Prof. of
Psychology and Head of Institute of Psychology at the Sigmund Freud University, Vienna. His research interests focus on history
of psychology and psychoanalysis. 相似文献
11.
In our rapidly changing environment, both profit and non-profit organizations confront an increasing demand for technological,
economic, and social innovation. In response to this demand, organizations are taking on the role of “change agents” by transforming
existing practices into innovative action. Libraries, as centers that accumulate and disperse knowledge, can support these
organizations in their “change agent” roles. This paper delineates the way public libraries can help organizations meet the
increasing need for external information associated with innovation. Policy issues concerned with efficient information transfer
to user organizationss are specified, and two concrete examples of information transfer systems are described. In order to
best utilize existing knowledge, personal-professional assistance in selecting potentially innovative, impersonal written materials is recommended.
Dr. Celeste P. M. Wilderom is an assistant professor at the School of Economics of the Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and a research associate in organization behavior at the School of Management, S.U.N.Y., Buffalo. NY 14260. Her Ph.D. is in
organizational psychology from S.U.N.Y., Buffalo, Where she taught in the Schools of Management and Social Work. Dr. Wilderom's
research interests are behaviors in service and nonprofit organizations, problems of cross-cultural managemet and educational
issues in the social sciences. 相似文献
12.
Music came into American public schools via stages now identified as typical in the diffusion process. Pioneer educator Lowell
Mason won acceptance for curricular music in Boston in 1838. His experience exemplifies steps characteristic in the diffusing
of educational innovation. American music education owes its acceptance to his skillful handling of factors and processes
identified by modern diffusion research.
Carol A. Pemberton is the author of Lowell Mason: His Life and Work (1985), Lowell Mason: A Bio-Bibliography (1988), and many articles on music, music education, interdisciplinary studies, and English. Dr. Pemberton teaches English
composition at Normandale Community College, Bloomington, Minnesota. Her composition textbook, Practical English, will be published in 1989 by Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown. 相似文献
13.
Groups and organisations set cooperative goals for their members, yet in reality some team members contribute more than others to these goals. Experts, in particular, face a social dilemma: from the group's perspective they should share their knowledge, whereas individually they are better off not sharing, because acquiring knowledge is costly and they would give up a competitive advantage. Two experiments ( N1 = 96, N2 = 192) tested the hypothesis, derived from indirect reciprocity theory, that experts contribute more if their status is being recognised. Expert status was manipulated under different performance feedback conditions and the impact on people's contributions in two different knowledge sharing tasks was analysed. In both studies, experts contributed more when feedback was individualised and public, ensuring both individual status rewards and public recognition. In contrast, novices contributed more when performance feedback was collective, regardless of whether it was public or private feedback. Novices did not have to fear negative performance evaluations under group feedback and could gain in social status as members of a successful group. Social value orientation moderated expert contributions in Study 2, with proself‐oriented experts being particularly susceptible to reputation gains. The studies contribute to the neglected aspect of motivation in knowledge sharing dilemmas where collective and individual interests are not necessarily aligned. 相似文献
14.
Public health ethics is neither taught widely in medical schools or schools of public health in the US or around the world.
It is not surprising that health care professionals are particularly challenged when faced with ethical questions which extend
beyond safeguarding the interests of their individual patients to matters that affect overall public good. The perceived threat
of terror after September 11 2007, the anthrax attacks and the Katrina debacle are recent circumstances which may result in
coercion. These have piqued the interest of medical professionals and the general public on public health ethics. The Ethics of Coercion in Mass Casualty Medicine written by Griffin Trotter MD, PhD attempts to fill a timely void in this area by examining the ethics of coercion in times
of public health disasters. 相似文献
15.
Interorganizational information systems are information systems that cross organizational boundaries. Information managers
and system developers often assume that the more integrated these information systems are, the more successful the system
will be. Such an assumption is indeed intuitively appealing, and, from a technological standpoint, readily understandable.
In practice, development and use of integrated information systems that cross organizational boundaries often result in confusing
power struggles, politicking, and sometimes manifest sabotage. Based on economic and political organization theory, this article
concludes that data ownership and incentives, rather than integration, are of vital importance for the success of interorganizational information systems.
He has studied Public Administration and Policy Science (Twente University, the Netherlands) and received his Ph. D. in Management
and Organization Science in 1999 (Groningen University, the Netherlands). His research interests include information management
and interorganizational relations, especially in the public sector. 相似文献
16.
Are men and women more similar or different in their interests in careers? This question has propelled decades of research into the association between gender and vocational interests. However, our understanding of this question in an international context remains limited. In this study, we examined gender differences in vocational interests across national and cultural contexts by exploring whether national cultural dimensions would be associated with gender differences in the structure and mean levels of vocational interests in people/things, ideas/data, and prestige. Our findings support similarity in the structure of vocational interests for men and women across 42 countries based on two major models on interests. General trends of gender differences in interests emerge such that in comparison to men, women tend to report a large preference for working with people (versus things; d = 1.04), and smaller preferences for working with ideas (versus data; d = 0.29) and with prestige (d = 0.18). National cultural dimensions appear to moderate gender differences in interests beyond the influences of national gender inequality. Specifically, gender differences in interests in people (versus things) tend to be larger in countries of higher uncertainty avoidance and higher indulgence whereas gender differences in ideas (versus data) tend to be larger in countries of higher indulgence, uncertainty avoidance, and lower power distance. This study highlights how a better conceptualization of the influences of culture can inform vocational psychologists, gender studies researchers, and career counselors’ work with men and women in understanding their vocational interests. 相似文献
17.
One path to social change is through sustained collective action. Although such actions often explicitly target the public audience to raise support for a movement's cause, we know little about how the public psychologically responds to protests. To examine this question, a sample of Malaysians was surveyed before and immediately after the occurrence of mass street protests in Malaysia ( N = 422) using a two-wave longitudinal design. Analyses revealed that (beyond pre-existing levels of movement identity and support for social change) experiencing empowerment in response to the protests promoted a supportive movement identity and more support for social change after the protests, whereas experiencing threat in response to the protests promoted an oppositional movement identity and less support for social change after the protests. This research suggests that the psychological impact of ongoing protests on the public can determine subsequent public support for the movement and its goals. 相似文献
18.
We use the notion of emergence to consider the sorts of knowledge that can be produced in a collaborative research project.
The notion invites us to see collaborative work as a developmental dynamic system in which various changes constantly occur.
Among these we examine two sorts of knowledge that can be produced: scientific knowledge, and collaborative knowledge. We
argue that collaborative knowledge can enable researchers to reflectively monitor their collaborative project, so as to encourage
its most productive changes. On the basis of examples taken from this special issue, we highlight four modes of producing
collaborative knowledge and discuss the possible uses of such knowledge.
Tania Zittoun
is Professor of Education at the University of Neuchatel (Switzerland). At a theoretical level, she is interested in the semiotic
processes of meaning making. Her empirical work examines people’s uses of symbolic resources and their role in learning and
development, as well as dynamics of transitions in the lifetime. She is the author of three books on these issues: Transitions, InfoAge, 2006; Insertions, Peter Lang, 2006; Donner la vie, choisir un nom, L’Harmattan, 2005.
Aleksandar Baucal
is an Assistant Professor in Developmental Psychology at the University of Belgrade. His main theoretical and empirical interest
is co-construction between human development and development of socio-cultural context. At a theoretical level he is searching
for integration of different theoretical traditions within a Vygotskian socio-cultural approach. His current research deals
with construction of new competences during interaction with others based on innovative methodology integrating both quantitative
and qualitative techniques.
Flora Cornish
is a Lecturer in the School of Nursing, Midwifery & Community Health at Glasgow Caledonian University. She is a social psychologist
with research interests in the problem of how people with divergent interests manage to coordinate collective action, in contexts
including community development approaches to improving public health and the interaction between service users and health
services.
Alex Gillespie
is a Lecturer in Social Psychology at the University of Stirling. His main theoretical interest concerns the formation of
intersubjectivity, the self, and self-reflection in social interaction. This line of enquiry follows the work of James, Mead,
Vygotsky and Bakhtin. He has recently published a book on this theoretical and empirical work entitled Becoming other: From social interaction to self-reflection, published by Information Age Publishing. 相似文献
19.
Motivation plays a crucial role in leadership, particularly when facing difficult situations and decisions. This long-term study investigates whether vocational interests predict an individual's motivation to lead (MtL). Moreover, it examines whether the link between vocational interests and MtL is mediated by the extent and success of prior leadership experiences. To this end, 471 participants (291 male, 180 female, Mage = 22.65, SDage = 7.95) provided information on their vocational interests. Two years later, participants rated their MtL and provided information on both the extent of their prior leadership experiences and the respective success gained from these. Results show that enterprising and conventional interests positively affect MtL two years later. Additionally, enterprising and social interests also indirectly influence a person's motivation to lead through the extent and success of prior leadership experiences: people with higher enterprising and social interests report more prior experience in leading. This experience is linked to more self-perceived leadership success, which consequently enhances these persons' motivation to take on leading roles. These findings enrich theory on the antecedents and malleability of MtL. From a practitioner's view, the findings equip recruiters with information on how to search for motivated leaders and how to maintain their motivation. 相似文献
20.
B. Readings ( University in Ruins. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) argued that universities have abandoned their original project of promoting a national culture and have tried to substitute by embracing globalization, but the vagueness and incoherence of the concept has failed to return purpose to the University. The academic treatment of corporate social responsibility illustrates this dilemma. For a generation after H.R. Bowen ( Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. New York: Harper & Row, 1953) founded the field, scholars struggled to fit the concept within a national system of pluralistic power-sharing among a variety of institutions that would define and enforce standards of responsibility necessary for the general good of American society. That understanding changed in the nineteen eighties, shortly after corporate executives had united to an unprecedented degree to direct the power of government in their interests, influence the public agenda, and roll back the power of unions. In response, business ethicists began to reformulate corporate social responsibility as a voluntary practice on the part of these same executives. Since the Kantian and Lockean principles upon which this approach was based were themselves problematic, it is not surprising that the experience gained over the last generation casts doubt on the efficacy of this reliance on voluntary restraint and personal initiative. However, circumstances that include the failure of globalization to deliver on its promises may have changed sufficiently in recent years to revive interest in approaches that acknowledge the importance of countervailing power for encouraging greater corporate social responsibility. 相似文献
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