3—7岁儿童与成人筷子使用动作模式的比较研究

通过比较3—7岁儿童与成人的筷子使用动作模式类型、特征和使用率,初步探讨了筷子使用动作模式的特点及发展趋势。研究结果表明：(1)儿童与成人中均存在八种筷子使用动作模式,各种模式在手指的分工、配合及完成任务的稳定性、适应性等方面表现出不同的特点,具有不同的效率水平;(2)随年龄的增长,个体筷子使用动作模式日趋转向效率较高的类型,表现为高效模式的使用率从3岁组的3．7％增加到成人组的50％,而低效模式的使用率从59．3％下降到10％。     

A follow-up study on utilization of a chopsticks training device

Retention of a skill was estimated after using a training device to assist in correcting the use of chopsticks. Simulated food-serving tasks (pulling, pinching, and moving tasks) were administered twice with a 1-mo. interval. The current work was based on 22 of 30 persons who had practiced the use of the scissor-pinching technique with chopsticks. A control group of 22 who typically used the pincers-pinching technique was also recruited for comparison. Analysis showed 1-mo. retention of skill at the pincers-pinching technique using three measures, since no difference in performance between the groups was noted.     

The Role of Subjective Task Complexity in Goal Orientation,Self-Efficacy,and Performance Relations

We examined the role of subjective task complexity in goal orientation effects on self-efficacy and performance on a computerized simulation of a class scheduling task (N = 138). Results indicated that goal orientation effects on performance were mediated by subjective task complexity. In addition, our results revealed that subjective task complexity was related to self-efficacy but not cognitive ability. Moreover, subjective task complexity effects on performance were mediated by self-efficacy, and goal orientation effects on self-efficacy were mediated by subjective task complexity. Results are discussed in terms of conceptual relations between goal orientation, subjective task complexity, self-efficacy, and performance.     

A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes

Objectives

In this study we examined athletes’ stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction ratings using a path analysis model. This is the first study to explore all of these constructs in a single study and provides a more holistic examination of the overall stressful experience that athletes encounter.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Methods

Participants were 557 athletes, aged between 18 and 64 years (M age = 22.28 years, SD = 5.72), who completed a pre-competition measure of stress appraisals and emotions. Participants also completed a coping questionnaire and a subjective performance measure after competing, with regards to how they coped during competition and how satisfied they were with their performance.

Results

Path analysis revealed that appraisals of uncontrollable-by-self, stressfulness, and centrality were positively associated with the relational meaning threat appraisals. Threat appraisals were associated with unpleasant emotions, prior to competition, and pre-ceded distraction- and disengagement-oriented coping. The pre-competition appraisals of controllable-by-self, centrality, controllable-by-others, and stressfulness were associated with challenge relational meanings, which in turn were linked to task-oriented coping during competition. Task-oriented coping was positively related to superior subjective performance.

Conclusions

Our findings support the notion that stress appraisals, emotions, and coping are highly related constructs that are also associated with performance satisfaction.     

How western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) select a nut: effects of the number of options, variation in nut size, and social competition among foragers

Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) often visually assess and handle several whole (unshelled) peanuts before selecting one to transport and cache; this behavior is a search for a preferred heavy nut. I repeatedly video-taped individually identifiable jays as they landed on a feeding platform and chose from presentations of peanuts that varied in the number of items or in the distribution of sizes. I examined how differences among these presentations and a bird’s social status affected the amount of assessment and the economic consequences of choice. I also examined the specific patterns of handling peanuts, called sampling, to quantify the degree to which sampling sequences were typified by repeated comparisons among sampled peanuts (retrospective sampling), or sequential assessment and rejection of peanuts (prospective sampling). Peanut assessment was more extensive and prospective when there were many options from which to choose than when there were few. Peanut assessment was more extensive and retrospective when options were similar in size than when they varied. Scrub-jays were more likely to make repeated comparisons immediately before selecting a peanut than elsewhere in a sampling sequence. Subordinate scrub-jays, who were at the greatest risk of pre-emption by competitors, assessed peanuts less extensively and were more prospective in their sampling than dominants. Unless peanuts were very similar in size, jays were more accurate at selecting a high-quality peanut and achieved a higher rate of food storage than if they had not assessed. These results show that scrub-jays can adaptively modify how they search to improve their rate of food storage, and also suggest some of the specific search tactics used by jays when assessing peanuts. Received: 26 April 1999 / Accepted after revision: 10 October 1999     

Effects of specific emotions on subjective judgment,driving performance,and perceived workload

The aim of this paper was to explore effects of specific emotions on subjective judgment, driving performance, and perceived workload. The traditional driving behavior research has focused on cognitive aspects such as attention, judgment, and decision making. Psychological findings have indicated that affective states also play a critical role in a user’s rational, functional, and intelligent behaviors. Most applied emotion research has concentrated on simple valence and arousal dimensions. However, recent findings have indicated that different emotions may have different impacts, even though they belong to the same valence or arousal. To identify more specific affective effects, seventy undergraduate participants drove in a vehicle simulator under three different road conditions, with one of the following induced affective states: anger, fear, happiness, or neutral. We measured their subjective judgment of driving confidence, risk perception, and safety level after affect induction; four types of driving errors: Lane Keeping, Traffic Rules, Aggressive Driving, and Collision while driving; and the electronic NASA-TLX after driving. Induced anger clearly showed negative effects on subjective safety level and led to degraded driving performance compared to neutral and fear. Happiness also showed degraded driving performance compared to neutral and fear. Fear did not have any significant effect on subjective judgment, driving performance, or perceived workload. Results suggest that we may need to take emotions and affect into account to construct a naturalistic and generic driving behavior model. To this end, a specific-affect approach is needed, beyond the sheer valence and arousal dimensions. Given that workload results are similar across affective states, examining affective effects may also require a different approach than just the perceived workload framework. The present work is expected to guide emotion detection research and help develop an emotion regulation model and adaptive interfaces for drivers.     

Methylphenidate, amygdalectomy, and active avoidance performance in the rat

Amygdalectomized and control rats were given 400 active avoidance training trials in a shuttle box. Control animals received 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg of methylphenidate throughout acquisition. Amygdalectomized animals were given the first 200 trials without drug, followed by 200 trials with drug. The administration of methylphenidate produced an abrupt and large improvement in performance in the amygdalectomized animals. One month after acquisition under the drug, retraining without drug revealed a significant retention effect for the three amygdaloid-drug groups relative to the nondrug-amygdaloid group. These results indicate that although amygdalectomy impairs the performance of avoidance responses, it does not prevent the learning or retention of such responses. Since methylphenidate appears to act primarily on dopaminergic mechanisms, the possible influence of amygdalectomy on such mechanisms is discussed.     

The relative influence of attitudes and subjective norms from childhood to adolescence: between-participant and within-participant analyses

Children and adolescents (ages 8-16) were asked to indicate their behavioral intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms for 34 behaviors. Between-participant and within-participant analyses demonstrated that attitudes and subjective norms were good predictors of behavioral intentions both singly and in combination. In addition, attitudes generally were better predictors than were subjective norms both across behaviors and across participants. Most importantly, however, there were no differences in the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms in predicting behavioral intentions across age groups.     

Effects of acute sleep restriction on behavior, sustained attention, and response inhibition in children.

This study examined the effects of acute sleep restriction on the day-time behavior and performance of healthy children and adolescents. 82 participants (8 to 15 years of age) completed 5 nights of baseline sleep and were randomly assigned to Optimized (10 hr.) or Restricted (4 hr.) sleep for an overnight lab visit. Behavior, performance, and sleepiness were assessed the following day. Sleep restriction was associated with shorter daytime sleep latency, increased subjective sleepiness, and increased sleepy and inattentive behaviors but was not associated with increased hyperactive-impulsive behavior or impaired performance on tests of response inhibition and sustained attention. Results are discussed in terms of current theories regarding effects of inadequate or disturbed sleep among children and adolescents.     

Relations between subjective evaluations of memory and objective memory performance.

Several explanations for the weak relations between subjective memory judgements and objective memory performance were investigated in two groups of normal older adults. Group 1 sampled a general population (mean age 61.6 yr., range 46-89), while Group 2 sampled subjects who were on a waiting list for memory training (mean age 63.0 yr., range 45-85 years). In both groups, subjective memory judgments were assessed with global ratings of memory capacity and with ratings of frequency of forgetting in specific memory situations. Memory performance was assessed with several well-known tests and with recently developed tests for domain-specific aspects of memory. Most tests concerned episodic memory. Study 1 also included measures of semantic, incidental and working memory. Study 2 further examined the influence of the domain-specificity of objective and subjective measures for remembering names, intentions, and texts. Relations between memory self-reports and performance were weak in both groups and for all kinds of tests. Against expectations, the low correlations could not be explained by differences between ecological and laboratory tests or incidentally and intentionally remembered information, or by differences between specific failures compared to global, stereotyped judgments. Surprisingly, correlations did not increase when subjective and objective measures assessed the same ability, like remembering names. Also noncognitive variables (mood and lifestyle) did not influence the relations. The (weak) relations between subjective and objective memory measures were comparable for subjects over and under 65 years of age. Furthermore, relations were comparable for the general population sample and the memory compliant group.     

The flash-lag effect during illusory chopstick rotation

In the 'flash-lag' effect, a static object that is briefly flashed next to a moving object appears to lag behind the moving object. A flash was put up next to an intersection that appeared to be moving clockwise along a circular path but was actually moving counterclockwise [the chopstick illusion; Anstis, 1990, in AI and the Eye Eds A Blake, T Troscianko (London: John Wiley) pp 105 117; 2003, in Levels of Perception Eds L Harris, M Jenkin (New York: Springer) pp 90 93]. As a result, the flash appeared displaced clockwise. This was appropriate to the physical, not the subjective, direction of rotation, and it suggests that the flash-lag illusion occurs early in the visual system, before motion signals are parsed into moving objects.     

Learning style,judgements of learning,and learning of verbal and visual information

The concept of learning style is immensely popular despite the lack of evidence showing that learning style influences performance. This study tested the hypothesis that the popularity of learning style is maintained because it is associated with subjective aspects of learning, such as judgements of learning (JOLs). Preference for verbal and visual information was assessed using the revised Verbalizer‐Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). Then, participants studied a list of word pairs and a list of picture pairs, making JOLs (immediate, delayed, and global) while studying each list. Learning was tested by cued recall. The results showed that higher VVQ verbalizer scores were associated with higher immediate JOLs for words, and higher VVQ visualizer scores were associated with higher immediate JOLs for pictures. There was no association between VVQ scores and recall or JOL accuracy. As predicted, learning style was associated with subjective aspects of learning but not objective aspects of learning.     

Compulsive checking and anxiety in a nonclinical sample: Differences in cognition,behavior, personality,and affect

This study addresses the question of why some highly anxious individuals exhibit excessive levels of compulsive checking behavior while other do not. To this end, nonclinical samples of compulsive checkers (n=19), (nonchecking) anxious controls (n=16), and (nonchecking) nonanxious controls (n=12) were compared on a variety of cognitive, behavioral, personality, and affective measures hypothesized to differentiate checkers from anxious controls. Results indicated that checkers exhibited higher levels of perfectionism and worry, and demonstrated greater cognitive impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Furthermore, performance and subjective experiences of performance appeared to be mediated by perfectionism and worry. Findings suggest that both personality and cognitive variables are important correlates of the form of anxiety-related symptomatology.     

性别、寻路策略与导航方式对寻路行为的影响

本研究探讨了两种寻路策略与三种导航方式对寻路行为绩效的影响并分析了该效应的性别差异。实验被试120名, 实验结果显示：在VR迷宫场景中寻路, 对男性而言, 定向策略的使用情况是影响导航方式绩效的重要因素。对不擅长使用定向策略的男性而言, 标志导航最佳, 标志与YAH地图并存时次之, YAH地图导航最差。其中, 标志导航与YAH地图导航绩效差异显著。而对擅长使用定向策略的男性而言, 导航方式的类型对寻路绩效的影响不显著。导航方式的类型对女性寻路影响显著, 其中, 标志导航最佳, 标志与YAH地图并存时次之, YAH地图导航最差。该研究结果可为导航支持系统的界面设计提供依据。     

Development of visual,name, and conceptual memory codes for pictures

In a recognition memory task, 4-, 8-, and 16-year-olds quickly decided whether or not probe pictures were identical to remembered study pictures. Conceptual and visual, but not acoustic, confusion were evidenced by the longer latencies when probes were visually or conceptually related to study items than when unrelated or rhyming. Visual confusion arose only when seven or fewer pictures intervened between study and probe items, and the kinds of visual similarity that produced confusion changed with age. Conceptual confusion resulted only at longer lags, and the same kinds of conceptual relationships produced confusion at all ages. These findings are discussed in terms of the development of visual and semantic encoding processes.     

Risk and the recognition of driving situations

This paper reports a series of experiments that explore the relationship between subjective risk when viewing driving situations and subsequent recognition memory for such films. In the first experiment no simple relationship was found between risk and recognition performance. Instead the experience of subjective risk was associated with good recognition of generally dangerous situations but poor recognition of generally safe ones. The remaining experiments replicated this result and explored possible reasons for it. An account of the results in terms of schema theory was tested and rejected. The effect is instead interpreted in terms of the types of information that are present and attended to in different kinds of dangerous situation. Overall recognition memory for films of driving situations was surprisingly poor, but the pattern of results was consistent with drivers showing good memory for central details from dangerous situations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sleep interventions for performance,mood and sleep outcomes in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sleep is fundamental to sports performance and other health outcomes such as mental wellbeing. This systematic review explored the effects of sleep interventions implemented among athletes on performance, sleep, and mood outcomes. Five databases were searched, returning 5996 records for screening. Of these, 27 articles met the inclusion criteria (16 controlled deigns, 11 uncontrolled; athletes n = 617; male n = 432, female n = 93, non-binary/other n = 0 or not reported n = 92). Narrative synthesis of all studies based on intervention type suggested that sleep hygiene, assisted sleep, and sleep extension interventions may be associated with improved sleep, performance, and mood outcomes. Twelve controlled trials were eligible for quantitative meta-analysis, investigating the effect of sleep interventions on athlete sleep, performance, and negative affect, compared to controls post-intervention. Utilizing random-effects meta-analyses, sleep interventions improved subjective sleep quality (g = 0.62, 95% CI [0.21, 1.02]), reduced sleepiness (g = 0.81, 95% CI [0.32, 1.30]) and decreased negative affect (g = 0.63, 95% CI [0.27, 0.98]), but did not appear to influence subjective sleep duration. No effects were identified for objective sleep measures (e.g., actigraphy), or aerobic/anaerobic performance indices. While sleep interventions may offer some benefit to athletes, caution is warranted given limitations of the extant research relating to small, non-representative studies with methodological concerns.     

The impact of job complexity and performance measurement on the temporal consistency, stability, and test-retest reliability of employee job performance ratings

Although research has shown that individual job performance changes over time, the extent of such changes is unknown. In this article, the authors define and distinguish between the concepts of temporal consistency, stability, and test-retest reliability when considering individual job performance ratings over time. Furthermore, the authors examine measurement type (i.e., subjective and objective measures) and job complexity in relation to temporal consistency, stability, and test-retest reliability. On the basis of meta-analytic results, the authors found that the test-retest reliability of these ratings ranged from .83 for subjective measures in low-complexity jobs to .50 for objective measures in high-complexity jobs. The stability of these ratings over a 1-year time lag ranged from .85 to .67. The analyses also reveal that correlations between performance measures decreased as the time interval between performance measurements increased, but the estimates approached values greater than zero.     

Dreading the boards: stress response to a competitive audition characterized by social-evaluative threat

The capacity of psychosocial stressors to provoke the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis has been demonstrated to vary depending upon a number of psychological factors. Laboratory stressors characterized by social-evaluative threat are proposed to be the most efficacious in the elicitation of a cortisol stress response. Salivary cortisol, cardiovascular, and subjective responses of 16 healthy adults facing a naturalistic stressor characterized by social-evaluative threat (competitive performance auditions) were examined. Audition exposure was sufficient to provoke significant cortisol, arterial blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and subjective stress responses. Cortisol response reactivity (area under the curve with respect to increase [AUCi]) also correlated with participants' subjective rating of social-evaluative threat. The competitive performance audition context is therefore considered a promising context in which to further explore cortisol responsivity to social-evaluative threat.     

Computer-assisted versus paper-and-pencil administration of questionnaires

In a field experiment using 95 employees, the results of computer-assisted versus paper-and-pencil administration of questionnaires during computer training were compared. Unlike past research, the computer mode of administration was made as similar as possible, in format, to the paper mode. No differences in means or reliabilities were found between any variables across the two conditions. However, when the correlations were examined, different patterns of relationships were found across the two conditions. Specifically, subjective or affective measures (software efficacy, playfulness, and training reaction) were more highly related when the measures were gathered by computer as opposed to paper-and-pencil. The relationships between subjective measures and more objective or factual measures (experience, performance, training transfer) were not affected. Thus, it appears that, while differences in mode of administration may not be reflected in differences in means, there are differences in nomological validity.