比较治疗专家系统在临床诊断中的应用

比较治疗专家系统是比较治疗学在临床应用的一个方向,它也是辅助医生临床诊断的一种智能化的工具.本文比较了现有各种知识表示方法的优缺点,简要介绍了比较治疗专家系统在医疗诊断中的研究现状;通过分析现存问题提出了一个可行性的研究方向.     

网络成瘾的诊断及其治疗

本文从网络成瘾的心理测量评定、临床评定和诊断、心理行为治疗和临床药物治疗四个方面,介绍了国内外对网络成瘾的诊断和治疗研究.问卷和量表是诊断网络成瘾最直接和主要的形式,同时也出现了结合临床精神病学特征诊断网络成瘾的研究.对网络成瘾的干预和治疗主要是心理行为治疗,临床和药物的治疗还比较少.最后对现有诊断和治疗研究中存在的一些问题进行了总结和评述.     

抑郁症神经成像研究的临床转化:预防、诊断和治疗的新取向

抑郁症的预防、诊断和治疗是临床所面临的主要问题,其效果的提升有待超越传统方法,寻求新的方法和技术。其中抑郁症的神经成像转化研究为此提供了一个新的突破口,该研究取向旨在将抑郁症的神经成像基础研究的发现转化为临床运用。文章综述了其在抑郁症的预防、诊断和治疗上的潜在运用价值。未来方向需要更好地促进抑郁症神经成像转化研究的双向自由流通、强调将新的方法转化到日常的临床实践和健康决策上去、促进多学科的合作和相关人才的培养,以及进一步探究转化过程中所面临的特定基础和临床主题。     

医学诊疗专家系统与误诊误治

７０年代初开始研制并问世的《计算机医疗咨询系统：ＭＹＣＩＮ》表明，人工智能技术已用于进行医疗决策。ＭＹＣＩＮ是为合理使用抗菌药物治疗感染性疾病而研制的诊疗专家系统。尽管医学诊疗专家系统取得令人鼓舞的成就，但其误诊的可能性不容忽视。临床医生衰诊的基本原因，不外疾病的复杂性，经验和理论的不足，思维方法的偏差及诊断的特殊要求等。而临床医生的大多数误诊来自疏忽某些关键性知识，即未能考虑到偏差及诊断症状相关     

病理诊断,模糊数学和微机技术的三结合：模糊计量病理专家系统

病理诊断必须与模糊数学结合,因为病理形态学的客观模糊性和主观模糊性。这个工作有许多困难。模糊计量病理学加上微机技术产生模糊计量病理专家系统（ＦＱＰＳ）。这个研究以前罕见。模糊计量病理的微机诊断由三部分组成：形态学特征的分析、选择和量化;模糊数学处理;微机软件的完成。ＦＱＰＳ有很多优点。这是发展方向,需完善。     

动态颅内压监测技术的进展

动态颅内压（ICP）监测是重危颅脑疾病病人脑功能的监测技术之一,对颅高压病人的临床诊断、指导治疗和判断预后都有着重要的意义。多种颅内压监测方法被使用于临床。本文综述近年来颅内压监测方法的进展,着重介绍创伤性和非创伤性颅内压监测法,比较其优缺点,评价其临床价值及发展方向。     

动态颅内压监测技术的进展

动态颅内压（ICP）监测是重危颅脑疾病病人脑功能的监测技术之一,对颅高压病人的临床诊断、指导治疗和判断预后都有着重要的意义。多种颅内压监测方法被使用于临床。本文综述近年来颅内压监测方法的进展,着重介绍创伤性和非创伤性颅内压监测法,比较其优缺点,评价其临床价值及发展方向。     

精神医学中的信息系统控制原理

精神医学是临床医学的一个分枝,是高度复杂的一门科学,站在哲学的角度反思,信息系统控制科学方法渗透于精神医学的历史发展过程和临床工作的资料收集、诊断、治疗等各个环节,以及精神医学的科研工作中,还启迪着我国精神卫生事业的发展方向。     

精神医学中的信息系统控制原理

精神医学是临床医学的一个分枝,是高度复杂的一门科学,站在哲学的角度反思,信息系统控制科学方法渗透于精神医学的历史发展过程和临床工作的资料收集、诊断、治疗等各个环节,以及精神医学的科研工作中,还启迪着我国精神卫生事业的发展方向.     

人工智能和机器学习

现在,人工智能正经历着惊人的发展,它的思想和方法的应用正出现在许多领域之中。人工智能最明显、最重要的成功包括专家系统的开发、自然语言理解系统的实施、计算机视觉和言语理解研究的显著进展以及对于高功能推理系统设计的新认识。人工智能中这些活动的迅速扩展,使人们确信:人工智能的新成功就要到来。在这种背景下,提出现有方法的局限以及在这个领域内应采取的新研究方向,是十分重要的。人工智能的明显局限之一,也是进一步研究的一个方向,与机器学习有关。     

Language,politics and dreams: the challenges of building resilience in refugees

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language – the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Order,disorder, and the absolute: An experiment in dialogue

The first section of this dialogue is excerpted from an edited conversation between Sean Kelly and the late David Bohm, and focuses on the concepts of order, disorder, and the Absolute. The second section explores these concepts in greater depth, with Bohm maintaining the impossibility of absolute knowledge and the fundamental unintelligibility of the concept of disorder, preferring instead to speak of “orders of infinite degree” which emerge out of an “unknown ground.” Kelly responds by proposing the concept of “absolute knowing” as the cognitive process within which the concepts of order and disorder, the known and the Unknown are seen as dialectically related moments of the Absolute as complex whole. The third section is Edgar Morin's response to the preceding dialogue. He begins by outlining his views on the nature and limits of rationality, maintaining, with Bohm, the superiority of the “negative modality” of speaking about “being” or “reality.” In the second part, however, he proposes the notion of nature as “chaosmos,” which he understands as a creative “dialogic” of order, disorder, and organization.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Countering Cultural Metaphors of Aging

SUMMARY

This article examines three clusters of metaphors or cultural images of aging which function to marginalize older adults: metaphors which focus on aging as physical decline, on aging as aesthetic distance from youth, and on aging as failure of productivity. It then sketches out two ways to counter the marginalizing power of these cultural images of aging, to shape new metaphors or images of aging within a community of meaning, and to help make new sense of growing old, namely the formation of face-to-face groups of older adults and the creation of rituals in worship which name publicly the realities and experiences of aging.