大学生择业价值取向调查问卷的编制及初步研究

通过对影响大学生职业决策因素的基线调查,编制大学生择业价值取向调查问卷,进而分析影响大学生职业选择的因素及大学生择业观。结果表明(1)影响大学生职业决策的因素依次为工资福利、自我价值的实现、专业及个人兴趣、工作环境、社会需要、工作稳定性、生活环境等;(2)量表具有较高的信度和效度;(3)大学生择业价值观具有社会取向和个人取向两个维度,而且大学生更倾向于个人取向;(4)不同性别大学生择业价值观并不存在显著性差异,但对择业标准的认识上可能不同。     

当代大学生职业兴趣结构特征研究

通过实际调查对当代大学生的职业兴趣结构特征进行了分析研究。用主成分分析方法以及多维尺度方法探索出当代在学生的职业兴趣有三个潜在维度,可以分为18类。利用RANDALL和18RQNd96程序检验职业兴趣结构,构建了职业兴趣的球形模型。     

传媒因素对大学生个体价值观的影响

在所调查的6种传媒因素对大学生个人价值观形成与发展影响方面,其作用的大小依次是:电视、网络、报刊、书籍、杂志、电影.进一步分析发现,在这些方面分别存在性别、学科类型以及来源方面的差异,其中有较多的女大学生和人文科类学科大学生以及来自乡镇的大学生认为,电视传媒是影响个人价值观形成与发展的主要传媒因素;而有较多的男大学生与自然类学科的大学生以及来自城市的大学生认为网络传媒是影响个人价值观形成与发展的主要传媒因素.     

当代大学生价值观的离散选择模型分析

本研究使用离散选择模型方法对3,796名在校大学生的Rokeach Value Survey数据进行了分析,结果表明当代大学生在终极价值观方面最偏好合家安宁、幸福、快乐、自由和自尊,而在工具性价值方面最偏好诚实的、有能力的、负责任的和胸怀宽广的,反映了重视家庭价值,强调个人品质等传统文化特点的回归,也体现出了社会经济文化快速发展背景下的社会适应意义;女性与男性价值观偏好的基本走向差别不大,女性相对更具时代特点,男性相对更为传统;年龄因素对终极性价值观的效应相对于工具性价值观更明显.     

健康价值观结构探析

基于文献分析与开放调查,提出健康价值观的理论构想,并据此编制大学生健康价值观调查表.经探索性和验证性因素分析表明:健康价值观具有多维度多层次的目标一手段型结构,区分为健康价值目标与健康价值手段,前者包括生理、心理和社会三方面,后者包括对待健康的思想态度、健康知识技能的掌握、涉及个人和涉及群体的健康行为实施四个渐进因素.     

社会转型时期大学生的价值优先性

本研究以Schwartz开发的价值观量表(SVS)为工具,以北京地区1077位大学生为被试,运用结构方程模型、方差分析等方法考察社会变迁背景下大学生价值观的内容和结构。研究结果发现(1)大学生价值观由4类高阶价值和10类基本价值构成,在总体结构上不存在性别差异。(2)大学生的价值优先性呈现出三个基本特征:价值取向多元、利益指向多元、现实性。鉴于对研究局限的认识,本研究亦对后续研究方向提出建议。     

中国人价值观特点及其与社会主义核心价值观的契合性

本研究采用汉化的Schwartz《肖像价值观问卷》（2012）测量了2569人的大样本,以验证Schwartz新价值观理论及其工具在中国的适用性及中国人价值观结构特点。结果表明,19种价值观内部一致性系数平均为0.66,范围从“支配权力”价值观的0.54到“社会安全”价值观的0.80,验证性因素分析各项指标均达到可接受水平;中国人个人定向类价值观之间的相关关系与原理论假设不相符合;个人定向类和社会定向类价值观之间,出现了多项位置相对、在原理论中假定为低相关的价值观呈高相关关系。表明Schwartz等（2012）价值观理论虽从测量学角度适用中国人群,但其不能预测和解释中国人价值观的“个人”与“社会”辩证统一与交叉融合特点。     

中国人价值观特点及其与社会主义核心价值观的契合性

本研究采用汉化的Schwartz《肖像价值观问卷》（2012）测量了2569人的大样本,以验证Schwartz新价值观理论及其工具在中国的适用性及中国人价值观结构特点。结果表明,19种价值观内部一致性系数平均为0.66,范围从“支配权力”价值观的0.54到“社会安全”价值观的0.80,验证性因素分析各项指标均达到可接受水平;中国人个人定向类价值观之间的相关关系与原理论假设不相符合;个人定向类和社会定向类价值观之间,出现了多项位置相对、在原理论中假定为低相关的价值观呈高相关关系。表明Schwartz等（2012）价值观理论虽从测量学角度适用中国人群,但其不能预测和解释中国人价值观的“个人”与“社会”辩证统一与交叉融合特点。     

当代中国人价值观的结构与特点

本研究以事实驱动作为方法学切入点, 系统研究了中国人的价值观结构及特点等问题。研究采用通过系统编制形成的《中国人价值观问卷》, 对工人、农民、专业技术人员、大学生和中学生五类人群进行了测量。其中, 1100份有效数据的探索性因素分析表明, 中国人价值观是一个8因素结构, 具体包括品格自律、才能务实、公共利益、人伦情感、名望成就、家庭本位、守法从众、金钱权力; 随后对1196份有效数据进行结构验证和信度检验, 结果表明中国人价值观问卷(Chinese Values Questionnaire, CVQ)具有良好的构想效度和信度。同时, 通过对中国人价值观现状的分析发现, 中国人价值观具有“好人定位”特点, 并据此提出相应的理论模型。     

不同复原类型贫困大学生人格的差异分析

心理复原力是指个体从困境或生活威胁性情境中维持身心功能健康的能力。为探讨不同复原类型中影响贫困大学生心理复原力的人格差异,该研究使用卡特尔16种个性因素测验、大学生心理复原量表对1658名贫困大学生进行随机调查。结果表明:1)贫困大学生具有较强的心理复原力,性别、年级的主效应及其交互效应不显著;2)贫困大学生的心理复原力可分为复原强型、中间型和弱型3类;3)在不同复原类型组贫困大学生中,预测心理复原力的特质和次级人格因子有所不同。心理复原的个体差异部分来自人格。     

The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying Structure and Multidimensional Scaling

Studies have demonstrated that the ordinal, ipsative data provided by the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS; Rokeach 1973) are not suited to factor analysis. In this study, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used with a sorting task to identify the underlying subset of values. American college students were the participants, and the results indicate that individualism-achievement and collectivism-affiliation are the underlying dimensions of the RVS for both the terminal and the instrumental values. Observed variation in the use of MDS space was predicted, based on participants' developmental differences as measured by the Maslowian Assessment Survey (Williams & Page, 1989). Gender differences in the use of MDS space by participants were not observed. Analysis of angular variance was used to test both hypotheses.     

A multidimensional scaling and semantic differential technique study of the perception of environmental settings

Abstract.— Multidimensional scaling is compared with the semantic differential technique (SDT) as methods for dimensional analysis of the perception of environmental settings. In one experiment employing as stimuli SDT scales used in previous experiments a General Evaluation , a Social Status , a Potency , a Closedness , and an Affection factor were found for both methods. A Unity and a Complexity factor merged into a single factor, an O riginality factor was only found for multidimensional scaling. In a second experiment employing as stimuli perspective drawings of urban and suburban settings, the results differed in that the General Evaluation , the Social Status , the Closedness , and the Unity/Complexity factors were found for the SDT, and only the first two for multidimensional scaling. Further experiments with other stimuli and methods of representation are needed in order to draw firm conclusions regarding the correspondence between SDT and multidimensional scaling results within the area under consideration.     

PERMAP: An interactive program for making perceptual maps

This article describes a DOS-based computer program for making and testing perceptual maps. The program, PERMAP, uses conventional metric multidimensional scaling techniques. That is, it uses pairwise numerical values (correlations, proximities, dissimilarities, etc.) to construct a map showing the relationship between objects. A unique feature of PERMAP is that it embeds the mapping techniques in an interactive, graphical system that minimizes several difficulties associated with multidimensional scaling practices. It is particularly effective at exposing artifacts due to local minima, incomplete convergence, and the effects of outliers. It can associate various attributes with the resultant groupings and provide line-linking options to help the researcher identify the nature of perceived relationships. Problems involving multiple matrices can be treated using three different aggregation methods. The optional use of weighting factors is available.     

A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING APPROACH TO THE PERCEPTION OF ART. I

G oude G. A multidimensional scaling approach to the perception of art. I. Scand. J. Psyckol ., 1972, 1 3 , 258–271.—-Five experiments with similarity estimation and ratio estimation of experiences of art (paintings) were used for testing a similarity model for multidimensional scaling. A multidimensional analysis gave five interpreted factors. Graphical estimations were compared with numerical estimations. Results from naive observers were related to results from a specialist group.     

A theoretical framework for testing the additive difference model for dissimilarities data: Representing gambles as multidimensional stimuli

Implicit within the acceptance of most multidimensional scaling models as accurate representations of an individual's cognitive structure for a set of complex stimuli, is the acceptance of the more general Additive Difference Model (ADM). A theoretical framework for testing the ordinal properties of the ADM for dissimilarities data is presented and is illustrated for a set of three-outcome gambles. Paired comparison dissimilarity judgments were obtained for two sets of gambles. Judgments from one set were first analyzed using the ALSCAL individual differences scaling model. Based on four highly interpretable dimensions derived from this analysis, a predicted set of dimensions were obtained for each subject for the second set of gambles. The ordinal properties of the ADM necessary for interdimensional additivity and intradimensional subtractivity were then tested for each subject's second set of data via a new computer-based algorithm, ADDIMOD. The tests indicated that the ADM was rejected. Although violations of the axioms were significantly less than what would be expected by chance, for only one subject was the model clearly supported. It is argued that while multidimensional scaling models may be useful as data reduction techniques, they do not reflect the perceptual processes used by individuals to form judgments of similarity. Implications for further study of multidimensional scaling models are offered and discussed.     

Semantic feature representations for normal and aphasic language

Aphasic and non-neurological patients grouped nouns on the basis of similarity of meaning. These word groupings served as input matrices for hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analyses. The emergent structures suggest that, while the normal adult has a number of levels upon which to organize his lexicon, the adult aphasic's lexicon can be characterized as a set of partial entries that are tied to affective and situational data. The results also suggest that semantic feature representations derived from similarity-of-meaning judgments are of relevance in the study of factors which influence actual language performance.     

Prose Representation: A Multidimensional Scaling Approach

Multidimensional scaling was employed to study the comprehension of prose. Subjects rated the similarity between pairs of 20 nouns before reading. After reading a passage containing the nouns, the subjects re-rated the words with respect to similarity within the passage. Subjects then recalled the passage. The similarity ratings were analyzed by multidimensional scaling. The results indicated that the scaling analysis provided an effective, valid indicator of prose representation. The multidimensional structural characteristics of dimension interpretation, clustering, and centrality were interpreted in terms of the theme, episodes, and central organizing feature of the story, respectively. Theoretically, the analysis indicated that comprehension was a function of the passage organization mapping onto the existing memory structure superimposed upon and suppressing the prior conceptual structure.     

The Multidimensional Scaling Of A Set Of Artistic Drawings : Perceived Structure And Scale Correlates

Product-centered research on creativity approaches the criterion problem of what is to be the referent for creativity through the analysis of tangible products such as a r t objects, writing, or scientific achievements. The present research is concerned with the evaluation and study of artist drawings contributed by sophomore students a t the Rhode Island School of Design. Multi-dimensional scaling methods were applied to similarity judgments obtained from art experts on two separate sets of 26 drawings. Three similarity dimensions accounted for the interstimulus distances for each set of drawings. Although no statistical test was available, the dimensions from the two seta appeared to correspond. Scale values of 4 drawings common to the two sets were consistent, and the dimensions appeared to define very similar stimulus characteristics. It was concluded that multidimensional scaling procedures provided a means for differentiating among a set of complex, esthetic products. Scale values of drawings on the three dimensions also correlated differentially with cognitive and achievement measures available on the students, suggesting that product dimensions identified via similarity judgments were related to characteristics of individuals producing the products. Hypotheses were developed as to the psychological meaning of the three product dimensions.     

Higher-order factors of the big five and basic values: empirical and theoretical relations

The Big Five Model of personality and Schwartz's theory of basic values are two prominent taxonomies that offer a convenient way to organize the major individual differences in, respectively, personality traits and personal values. Both taxonomies provide a hierarchical framework, whose components can be traced back to a smaller number of broader dimensions. The current study investigated the relationship between the two superordinate factors of personality encompassing the Big Five dimensions (alpha and beta) and the four higher-level value types from Schwartz's theory (Self-transcendence, Self-enhancement, Conservation, and Openness to change). To examine the relations between higher-order traits and values, we relied on factor analysis and multidimensional scaling. Results indicated that alpha and beta were differently related to the Conservation versus Openness to change dimension. Alpha was positively related to values that emphasize protecting stability and respecting norms and traditions, and negatively related to values emphasizing receptiveness to change and independence of thought, feeling, and action. The opposite pattern of relations was found for beta.     

Linking personal values to gender

Two studies were conducted to investigate the relation between personal values and aspects of gender. Study 1 used the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) to examine the nature of stereotypes concerning the values of the “typical man” and the “typical woman”. Results supported the hypothesis that men are viewed as more likely to endorse agentic values, such as freedom and accomplishment, whereas women are viewed as more likely to endorse communal values, such as friendship and equality. Study 2 assessed men and women's possession of stereotypic sets of masculine and feminine values, using the RVS, and examined their relation to gender-related personality traits, gender-related interests and role behaviors, and global self-perceptions of masculinity and femininity. Masculine values were found to be significantly related to socially desirable masculine traits, socially undesirable masculine traits, masculine interests and a global self-concept of masculinity. Feminine values were shown to be significantly related to socially desirable feminine traits, feminine interests, feminine role behaviors, and a global self-concept of femininity. These results suggest that gender-linked personal values merit inclusion with traits, interests, role behaviors, and global self-concepts as part of an emerging multidimensional conception of gender characteristics.