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个体从众的原因究竟是什么?根据文献,假设有5种原因,以100名8~16岁少年儿童为被试进行测试,反应结果证实了这5种原因。然后,要求上述年龄的400名被试对有关线段长度的和有关道德判断的从众反应情境、就5项原因作主次排序。结果表明:被试认为从众反应原因的主次顺序依次为“多数人更正确”、“表示归属群体”、“为了表示友好”、“为了免受责难”、“图省事不费心”;同时这种总趋势会因被试的年龄不同和从众情境不同表现出不同特点。 相似文献
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目的:从众可分成两种,即信息性从众行为和规范性从众,探讨它们两者之间的区别。方法:通过瑞文智力测验为材料创造了这两种从众情境,观察大学生被试在两种实验条件下的行为差异。结果:信息性从众和社会规范性从众两者之间存在显著差异(Z=-3.183,P=0.001)。结论:大学生被试的信息性从众行为多于社会规范性从众行为,两者存在统计学上的显著性差异。 相似文献
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采用记忆再认范式,通过词组再认任务(实验一)和图形偏好选择任务(实验二)操纵同伴赞同率,诱发对不同赞同率下人际关系的感知,探索感知到的人际关系对个体记忆从众的影响。两个实验一致发现,被试对高赞同率的同伴更为信任、与他们的关系也更为亲密;更重要的是,被试的回忆也与高赞同率同伴的记忆更为一致(即回忆更为从众),具体表现为,同伴判断正确时,被试的词组再认正确率更高,同伴判断错误时,被试的词组再认正确率更低。实验二还发现,被试与同伴一起回忆时的正确率要低于被试单独回忆的正确率,从众倾向降低了被试的记忆准确度。本研究表明,情境诱发的短期人际关系的变化会影响记忆从众;回忆不单纯是一个基本认知过程,它可以受到社会关系、社会认知的调节。 相似文献
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尽管对从众效应已经开展了广泛的研究, 但对于创造性产品的评价是否存在从众效应仍有待探讨。本实验以原创性程度不同的两类创造性产品——“创新产品”和“革新产品” ——为材料, 采用“初次评价-从众诱导-延时再评”的实验程序, 研究了人们在创造性产品的两个基本维度——新颖性和实用性——的感知和评价上是否存在从众效应。结果发现, 两类产品在两个维度的评价上都存在从众效应; 但“创新产品”在实用性维度的评价上比“革新产品”更容易从众。实验进一步比较了被试在做出两个维度的评价时其确定性程度有无差异, 发现被试在对“创新产品”进行实用性评价时所伴随的不确定感较之革新产品更强, 这提示可能是对“创新产品”进行实用性判断时所具有的更大的不确定感导致了从众程度的增加。 相似文献
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采用让被试选择玩具图片的方法 ,考察儿童在自己的喜好与群体发生冲突时的选择情况 ,试图从文化角度重新解释儿童从众行为发展的趋势。结果表明 ,儿童的一般从众行为随年级的增加而减少 ,但与好朋友选择的一致性却随年级的增加而增加 ,反映了儿童对“关系”重视程度的逐渐提高 ,而且这种带有文化色彩的发展趋势是以年级而不以年龄为自变量 ,提示教育可能是文化传递的重要手段。 相似文献
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中学生合作行为的影响因素的实验研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
用囚犯两难游戏和懦夫游戏作实验材料,采用L16(215)正交实验设计,对64名初二、高二学生在不同实验情境中的合作行为反应策略进行了研究。结果表明,被试对交流的预期、交流的进行、被试对对手社会地位的评估、以及被试所面临的游戏矩阵和被试自身的年龄特点都影响被试对对手的表征,进而影响被试游戏行为的决策过程和合作行为的反应倾向。研究结果支持社会表征理论,为创设有利于合作的人际互动情境提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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采用人机交互环境下的模拟技术为虚拟逃生疏散效率研究提供新的证据。具体探讨视野范围和紧急程度对疏散效率的影响,并进一步探讨从众行为对上述关系的中介作用。在自己搭建的基于计算机局域网的模拟疏散演练环境中,采用多名被试(最多可以60名)同时参与模拟疏散演练的手段进行实验。主要结果:(1)视野范围越大,从众程度越高;(2)在小视野范围条件下,紧急程度越高,从众程度越低;(3)在大视野范围条件下,紧急程度对从众程度没有显著影响。结论:(1)视野范围和紧急程度会影响从众行为,视野范围越大紧急程度越高,从众倾向越明显;(2)从众行为对视野范围与疏散效率之间的关系具有不完全中介作用,对紧急程度和疏散效率之间的关系不存在中介作用。 相似文献
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How much a person conforms to another person's memory report can depend on the power and credibility of this person, even if these factors are manipulated by the experimenter. The aim of the current study was to establish whether memory conformity is also affected by power in pairs involving natural power differentials, in this case siblings. Pairs of adult siblings were shown 50 photographs of faces and then given a recognition test where one partner had to answer before the other. The findings showed that what one sibling reported affected what the other one reported. Contrary to our expectations, however, there was no significant difference in conformity between the younger and the older sibling. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Sebastian Grueneisen Emily Wyman Michael Tomasello 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2015,33(1):136-147
Humans are constantly required to coordinate their behaviour with others. As this often relies on everyone's convergence on the same strategy (e.g., driving on the left side of the road), a common solution is to conform to majority behaviour. In this study, we presented 5‐year‐old children with a coordination problem: To retrieve some rewards, they had to choose the same of four options as a peer partner – in reality a stooge – whose decision they were unable to see. Before making a choice, they watched a video showing how other children from their partner's peer group had behaved; a majority chose the same option and a minority chose a different one. In a control condition, children watched the same video but could then retrieve the reward irrespective of their partner's choice (i.e., no coordination was necessary). Children followed the majority more often when coordination was required. Moreover, conformers mostly justified their choices by referring to the majority from the video demonstration. This study is the first to show that young children are able to strategically coordinate decisions with peers by conforming to the majority. 相似文献
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Daniel B. Wright Amina Memon Elin M. Skagerberg Fiona Gabbert 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(3):174-178
ABSTRACT— When two people witness an event, they often discuss it. Because memory is not perfect, sometimes this discussion includes errors. One person's errors can become part of another person's account, and this proliferation of error can lead to miscarriages of justice. In this article, we describe the social and cognitive processes involved. Research shows how people combine information about their own memory with other people's memories based on factors such as confidence, perceived expertise, and the social cost of disagreeing with other people. We describe the implications of this research for eyewitness testimony. 相似文献
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After controlling for initial confidence, inaccurate memories were shown to be more easily distorted than accurate memories. In two experiments groups of participants viewed 50 stimuli and were then presented with these stimuli plus 50 fillers. During this test phase participants reported their confidence that each stimulus was originally shown. This was followed by computer-generated responses from a bogus participant. After being exposed to this response participants again rated the confidence of their memory. The computer-generated responses systematically distorted participants’ responses. Memory distortion depended on initial memory confidence, with uncertain memories being more malleable than confident memories. This effect was moderated by whether the participant's memory was initially accurate or inaccurate. Inaccurate memories were more malleable than accurate memories. The data were consistent with a model describing two types of memory (i.e., recollective and non-recollective memories), which differ in how susceptible these memories are to memory distortion. 相似文献
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信息技术为心理学史的教学改革提供了新的途径和机会,利用和整合网络教育资源,借助于网络平台建构师生间互动教学模式,可以丰富教学内容,激发学习动机,提高学习效率。本文运用现代学习理论观点整合网络资源,探索西方心理学史教学模式。 相似文献
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In this paper, we experimentally examine whether looking at other people's pricing decisions is a type of a decision rule that people over‐apply even when it is not applicable, as in the case of private‐value goods. In Study 1, we find evidence that this is indeed the case—individual valuation of a subjective experience under full information, elicited using incentive compatible mechanism, is highly influenced by values of others. In Study 2, we find that people expect to use this rule to some degree with respect to actual consumption of goods, especially goods with some public value (music), and less so for private‐value goods (noise). However, people expect to use the rule to a very large extent when they are required to express their valuation of a good using a dollar figure (Study 3). These results can shed light on price behavior as rigidities and rents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献