社会经济地位与抑郁的关系：系统综述和元分析

社会经济地位与抑郁的关系在既有研究中存在分歧, 为明确两者间的整体关联强度及其影响因素, 对纳入的56项研究(65个效应值)进行了元分析。结果发现：社会经济地位与抑郁存在显著的负相关(r = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.12]), 但相关程度较低。此外, 社会经济地位与抑郁的关系受社会经济地位测量工具、测量类型和测量形式, 抑郁测量工具以及取样年代调节, 但不受性别、年龄、设计类型以及个体主义文化指数的调节。该结果提示社会经济地位劣势可能是导致民众抑郁的重要风险因素。在贫富差距日益扩大的时代, 关心社会底层群众生存和发展困境并建立长久而有效的帮扶机制可从社会面减少抑郁的发病率。     

偏差声音干扰刺激对视觉注意网络系统的影响

结合注意网络测量工具和听视ODDBALL干扰范式,考察偏差声音干扰刺激的出现对注意网络系统不同功能的影响。结果发现,声音刺激序列下,视觉线索唤醒效应均消失; 标准声音刺激下,不存在线索的脱离和转移效应; 偏差声音刺激下,出现线索脱离和转移效应。研究表明,注意网络中的警觉功能具有超通道加工机制,偏差刺激下视觉注意系统中注意定向和线索转移效应的出现表明偏差干扰效应主要由偏差刺激引起的注意脱离和注意转移损耗部分引起。     

中小学生正念注意觉知与心理健康：情绪调节和积极重评的跨时间中介作用

本研究探讨中小学生正念注意觉知的发展及其与心理健康的关系,并考察情绪调节和积极重评在其中起到的中介作用。研究采用追踪设计,来自江西地区两所小学(4到6年级)和两所中学(7到9年级)的共1251名学生(男生691人,女生560人)在间隔半年的两个时间点分别填写了测量正念注意觉知、心理健康(生活满意度、抑郁、焦虑、学业压力)、情绪调节以及积极重评的问卷。结果表明：(1)中学生正念注意觉知显著低于小学生;(2)中小学生正念注意觉知与两个时间点的情绪调节、积极重评及心理健康均显著相关;(3)跨时间点中介效应检验结果表明,在中小学生正念注意觉知和各心理健康变量的关系中,情绪调节中介效应均显著,积极重评中介效应均不显著。结论：中小学生正念注意觉知与心理健康密切相关,正念注意觉知通过情绪调节能力间接作用于中小学生心理健康。     

同伴拒绝与网络欺负的关系:愤怒的中介作用和感知匿名性的调节作用

网络欺负是随着互联网和移动通讯工具快速发展而产生的一种新的欺负形式。本研究旨在探讨同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系以及愤怒在其中的中介作用和感知匿名性在其中的调节作用。以武汉市703名初中生为研究对象,采用问卷法对其同伴拒绝、网络欺负、愤怒和感知匿名性进行调查。结果表明：（1）在控制性别、年龄和每天上网时间后,同伴拒绝能够显著正向预测网络欺负;（2）愤怒在同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系中起中介作用;（3）同伴拒绝对网络欺负的直接作用和愤怒在二者关系中的中介作用均会受到感知匿名性的调节,相对于感知匿名性水平低的个体,直接效应和中介效应在感知匿名性水平高的个体中更强。研究结果支持同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系是一个有调节的中介模型,这对于制定青少年网络欺负的干预和预防措施具有重要意义。     

同伴拒绝与网络欺负的关系:愤怒的中介作用和感知匿名性的调节作用

网络欺负是随着互联网和移动通讯工具快速发展而产生的一种新的欺负形式。本研究旨在探讨同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系以及愤怒在其中的中介作用和感知匿名性在其中的调节作用。以武汉市703名初中生为研究对象,采用问卷法对其同伴拒绝、网络欺负、愤怒和感知匿名性进行调查。结果表明：（1）在控制性别、年龄和每天上网时间后,同伴拒绝能够显著正向预测网络欺负;（2）愤怒在同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系中起中介作用;（3）同伴拒绝对网络欺负的直接作用和愤怒在二者关系中的中介作用均会受到感知匿名性的调节,相对于感知匿名性水平低的个体,直接效应和中介效应在感知匿名性水平高的个体中更强。研究结果支持同伴拒绝和网络欺负的关系是一个有调节的中介模型,这对于制定青少年网络欺负的干预和预防措施具有重要意义。     

关于网络成瘾的心理学研究

网络成瘾指一种心理上对网络的依赖,其概念与药物成瘾既有相似又有差异。目前还缺乏编制精良、应用广泛的测量工具。多数研究采用调查的方法,严格的实验研究很少。一些研究者提出理论模型从心理层面对其进行解释,其中具代表性的有：Young提出的ACE模型,Davis的认知-行为模型,以及Grohol的阶段模型,分别探讨了网络依赖的发生与网络的致瘾特征,网络用户的个体特质以及外在环境之间的关系。     

调节定向的测量维度及其问卷的信度和效度检验

采用RFQ、B IS/BAS和LOT-R对331名企业新员工和920名在校大学生施测,以探讨H iggins等提出的调节定向测量维度在中国文化中的适应性及其问卷（RFQ）的信度和效度。结果表明：（1）在删除1个偏重从策略角度测量调节定向的项目后,得到由10个项目组成的调节定向问卷,可有效测量促进定向和预防定向两个基本维度;（2）调节定向问卷具有较好的内部一致性信度和区分效度,可作为开展相关研究的评定工具。     

组织认同与离职意向关系的元分析

本研究采用元分析方法探索了组织认同与离职意向的关系。通过文献搜索与筛选, 获得了59项研究和71个独立效应量, 共包含23180名被试。根据数据特点, 采用随机效应模型对两者关系进行了分析, 结果表明, 整体上组织认同与离职意向呈现高等程度的负相关(r = −0.453); 不同维度内容的组织认同测量工具、被试从事的行业类型对组织认同与离职意向的关系具有调节效应, 但不同认知结构的离职意向测量工具、文化背景的调节效应不显著。上述结果证明了组织认同对离职意向的影响作用, 同时, 也强调了科学研究中测量工具使用的科学性。     

父母教养方式与幼儿焦虑关系的三水平元分析

以0~7岁学前儿童为样本,采用元分析方法考察父母教养方式（积极和消极）与幼儿焦虑之间的关系。通过文献检索,共获得26项研究,含136个独立效应量,被试总数达13565名。由于部分研究中存在多个效应量,当前研究针对两种教养方式分别构建了三级元分析模型。主效应检验发现,父母积极教养方式与幼儿焦虑呈显著负相关,而父母消极教养方式与幼儿焦虑呈显著正相关。调节效应检验发现,父母积极教养方式与幼儿焦虑之间的相关受到父亲受教育水平和幼儿生活质量的调节,但不受幼儿性别、母亲受教育水平和焦虑测量工具类型的影响。此外父母消极教养方式与幼儿焦虑之间的相关受到焦虑测量工具类型的调节,但这一相关不受幼儿性别、生活质量和父母受教育水平的调节。上述结果表明,父母教养方式与幼儿焦虑之间的关系密切,也指出了将来的研究过程中要关注父亲受教育水平、幼儿生活质量和焦虑测量工具类型在两者关系中的作用。     

网络建构行为的研究现状与展望

网络建构行为是指个体尝试与对自己工作或职业有(潜在)帮助的人建立和维护非正式关系的一系列行为。研究表明：人口统计学差异、个性差异(如工作动机)、环境差异(如职业安全)等能影响个体的网络建构行为; 网络建构行为能使个人(如职业成功)和组织获益(如组织绩效)。今后的研究需要进一步探讨：网络建构测量工具的完善、相关研究的拓展、网络建构行为的培训开发和网络建构的经济衡量等问题。     

Dysfunction of attentional networks for non-emotional processing in negative affect

It is unclear whether negative affect is associated with the impairment of attentional networks for non-emotional processing. Using the attention network test (ANT), which assesses the efficiency of alerting, orienting, and executive attention, we attempted to clarify which attentional networks were related to negative affect, i.e., anxiety, depression, and social anxiety. Forty-three participants completed the self-report questionnaires and the ANT. Negative affect was negatively correlated with orienting efficiency but not executive attention. Our results indicate that people with negative emotionality have an impaired orienting network for non-emotional stimuli. It is suggested that attentional bias for threatening stimuli in negative affect is due to the original impairment of the orienting network.     

Determinants of assessing efficiency within auditory attention networks

The attention network test (ANT) assesses efficiency across alerting, orienting, and executive components of visual attention. This study examined approaches to assessing auditory attention networks, and performance was compared to the visual ANT. Results showed (1) alerting was sufficiently elicited in a pitch discrimination and sound localization task, although these effects were unrelated, (2) weak orienting of attention was elicited through pitch discrimination, which varied based on ISI and conflict level, but robust orienting of attention was found through sound localization, and (3) executive control was sufficiently assessed in both pitch discrimination and sound localization tasks, but these effects were unrelated. Correlation analysis suggested that, unlike alerting and orienting, sound localization auditory executive control functions tap a shared attention network system. Overall, the results suggest that auditory ANT measures are largely task and modality specific, with sound localization offering potential to assess all three attention networks in a single task.     

The effect of music-induced mood on attentional networks

Attention network theory suggests that there are three separate neural networks that execute the discrete functions of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Previous research on the influence of mood on attention has shown subtle and inconsistent results. The attention network theory may aid in clarifying the influence of mood on attention. The present study investigated the influence of mood on attentional networks in a normal population. Participants performed the Attention Network Test (ANT), which provides functional measures of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Positive or negative mood was induced by listening to music with a positive or negative valence, respectively; neutral mood was induced by reading a collection of basic facts about China. The results revealed that negative mood led to a significantly higher alerting efficiency relative to other moods, while there were no significant mood effects on orienting or executive attention efficiency. According to the algorithm underlying the ANT, the higher alerting efficiency in the negative mood condition can be attributed to relatively greater benefits of cueing effects. The findings are discussed in the context of the noradrenergic system and of evolutionary significance. Specifically, the increase in the alerting function during negative mood states may be due to the modulation effect of negative mood on the noradrenergic system, and/or to the survival benefit resulting from an increase in automatic vigilance towards negative information. The current results suggest that as the influence of negative mood on attention appears to specifically consist in an enhanced alerting function, it may not be found in studies where the three attentional networks are not dissociated.     

Measuring attention in the hemispheres: the lateralized attention network test (LANT)

The attention network test (ANT) is a brief computerized battery measuring three independent behavioral components of attention: Conflict resolution (ability to overcome distracting stimuli), spatial Orienting (the benefit of valid spatial pre-cues), and Alerting (the benefit of temporal pre-cues). Imaging, clinical, and behavioral evidence demonstrate hemispheric asymmetries in these attentional networks. We constructed a lateralized version of the ANT (LANT), with brief targets flashed in one or the other visual hemifield. We also modified the tests by including invalid spatial cues in order to measure the cost component of Orienting. In a series of experiments, we investigated the efficiency of the attention networks separately in each hemisphere. Participants exhibited significant estimates of all networks measured by the LANT, comparable to the ANT. The three networks were represented in each hemisphere separately and were largely comparable across the two hemispheres. We suggest that the LANT is an informative extension of the original ANT, allowing for measurement of the three attention networks in each hemisphere separately.     

自我信息识别优势——来自注意定向网络的证据

研究采用注意网络测验任务(attention network test, ANT), 分别检验自我相关信息在注意的警觉、定向和执行控制网络上的加工效率差异, 以揭示自我信息识别优势的注意机制。实验1考察了面孔类型(自我面孔或他人面孔)在3种注意网络下的加工效率差异; 实验2采用自我联结学习范式对实验1进行验证; 实验3将颜色类型(红色或绿色)作为目标刺激, 面孔类型作为背景, 以考察任务无关自我信息是否对注意网络加工效率有影响。研究结果发现, 当自我信息为目标时, 个体在注意定向网络上存在加工效率优势, 而警觉和执行控制网络上没有加工效率差异。当自我相关信息与任务无关时, 在注意的警觉、定向和执行控制网络中均未表现出加工效率优势。说明了自我信息的注意优势发生在注意定向网络上, 且受任务优先性影响。     

A longitudinal analysis of the attention networks in 6- to 11-year-old children

Attention is critical for everyday functioning. Posner and Petersen’s model of attention describes three neural networks involved in attention control—the alerting network for arousal, the orienting network for selecting sensory input and reorienting attention, and the executive network for the regulatory control of attention. No longitudinal research has examined relative change in these networks in children. A modified version of the attention network task (ANT) was used to examine changes in the three attention networks, three times over 12 months, in 114 6-, 8- and 10-year-olds. Findings showed that the alerting network continued to develop over this period, the orienting network had stabilized by 6 years, and the conflict network had largely stabilized by 7 years. The reorienting of attention was also assessed using invalid cues, which showed a similar developmental trajectory to the orienting attention network and had stabilized by 6 years. The results confirm that age 6 to 7 years is a critical period in the development of attention, in particular executive attention. The largest improvement over the evaluation period was between 6 and 7 years; however, subtle changes were found in attention beyond 8 years of age.     

Cognitive and behavioral attention in children with math difficulties

Cognitive assessments and behavioral ratings of attention were used to examine the relation of inattention to math performance in children. Third grade students with math difficulties (MD; n?=?17) and math and reading difficulties (MDRD; n?=?35) were administered the Attentional Network Test (ANT), as well as achievement and intelligence measures. Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-Behavior-IV (SWAN-IV) Inattention ratings were collected from teachers. Two comparison groups were also recruited: a typically achieving group (n?=?23) and a group that responded to a math-tutoring intervention (responders; n?=?54). On the ANT, children with MD and MDRD did not perform significantly different than typically achieving children or responders on measures of alerting and orienting attention and executive control. All subgroups did demonstrate performance patterns that were expected on the ANT. However, performance across blocks of the task was inconsistent, suggesting poor reliability. There were no relations between ANT performance and SWAN-IV behavioral inattention scores, though behavioral ratings of inattention correlated significantly with math performance. Children with MD and MDRD may have more difficulty with distraction and attention to detail in contextual situations, as opposed to impulsive responding in these settings. The lack of relation between cognitive attention and math performance may suggest that either the ANT does not assess the relevant attention constructs associated with math difficulties or may parallel studies of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in which cognitive and behavioral assessments are weakly related.     

Mixing measures: testing an assumption of the attention network test

The human attention system has been subdivided into three networks that appear to be functionally and anatomically independent: alerting, orienting, and executive control. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a quick and easy tool that measures the efficiency of these three networks by averaging reaction time and accuracy scores across several different cue and flanker conditions. Using ANOVAs and correlation procedures, we found that (a) intranetwork correlations were surprisingly low, and (b) Cue X Flanker interactions were found within alerting, orienting, and executive control measures. Taken together, these findings highlight the interaction between the three networks and the potential difficulty in accurately measuring them with this task.     

默认网络的神经机制、功能假设及临床应用

认知神经科学的迅速发展使得研究者对大脑的功能有了深刻的认识。近些年来, 研究者对大脑在进行外在注意任务时产生的负激活有了更多的了解, 默认网络(Default Mode Network)的概念被提出, 并引起了很多神经科学家的关注, 关于默认网络的相关理论也已提出。当前综述对默认网络的研究历史, 概念理论, 个体和种系发展, 及其与疾病的关系以及临床应用等方面进行了概括总结。未来研究可从默认网络的个体发展, 种系差异, 与其他大脑网络(如注意网络, 视觉网络, 执行控制网络)的关系以及与具体疾病的关系等角度入手进行研究, 共同来探讨默认网络的神经机制。