On Considering a Possible World as Actual: Robert Stalnaker

Saul Kripke made a convincing case that there are necessary truths that are knowable only a posteriori as well as contingent truths that are knowable a priori. A number of philosophers have used a two-dimensional model semantic apparatus to represent and clarify the phenomena that Kripke pointed to. According to this analysis, statements have truth-conditions in two different ways depending on whether one considers a possible world 'as actual' or 'as counterfactual' in determining the truth-value of the statement relative to that possible world. There are no necessary a posteriori or contingent a priori propositions: rather, contingent a priori and necessary a posteriori statements are statements that are necessary when evaluated one way, and contingent when evaluated the other way. This paper distinguishes two ways that the two-dimensional framework can be interpreted, and argues that one of them gives the better account of what it means to 'consider a world as actual', but that it provides no support for any notion of purely conceptual a priori truth.
'Hell is paved with primary intensions'
English proverb     

On Considering a Possible World as Actual: Thomas Baldwin

Two-dimensional possible world semantic theory suggests that Kripke's examples of the necessary a posteriori and contingent a priori should be handled by interpreting names as implicitly indexical. Like Stalnaker, I reject this account of names and accept that Kripke's examples have to be accommodated within a metasemantic theory. But whereas Stalnaker maintains that a metasemantic approach undermines the conception of a priori truth, I argue that it offers the opportunity to develop a conception of the a priori aspect of stipulations, conceived as linguistic performances. The resulting position accommodates Kripke's examples in a way which is both intrinsically plausible and fits with Kripke's actual discussion of them.     

婚姻家庭道德的实证研究何以可能

为了更客观真实地揭示婚姻家庭道德状况,婚姻家庭道德研究必然要选择实证性的研究方法,实证研究必须从婚姻家庭道德意识层面深入到婚姻家庭道德行为事实的层面,同时,还需要基于婚姻家庭道德行为事实建构一套切实且具有可操作性的指标体系。     

War and Peace: Possible Approaches to Reducing Intergroup Conflict

ABSTRACT— We discuss four potential ways to reduce conflict between groups: consideration of future consequences, independent leadership, outgroup empathy, and coordination. We review relevant empirical findings for each method and discuss how each can be used to promote intergroup cooperation.     

如果没有宗教,道德是否可能?——对现当代社会宗教与道德关系的一种探索

本文在综合分析近几年来学术界关于道德与宗教关系的研究成果的基础上,分析了历史上道德宗教化的历史根源,论证了在现代社会道德对宗教的相对独立性,同时也肯定了宗教在现代社会的道德价值与伦理效应。     

Common Law Approaches to the Relationship Between Law and Morality

How are general relations of law and morality typically conceived in an environment of Anglo-saxon common law? This paper considers some classical common law methods and traditions as these have confronted and been overlaid with modern ideas of legal positivism. While classical common law treated a community and its morality as the cultural foundation of law, legal positivism's analytical separation of law and morals, allied with liberal approaches to legal regulation, have made the relationship of legal and moral principles more complex and contested. Using ideas from Durkheim's and Weber's sociology, I argue that the traditional common law emphasis on an inductive, empirical treatment of moral practices has continuing merit, but in contemporary conditions the vague idea of community embedded in classical common law thought must be replaced with a much more precise conceptualisation of coexisting communities, whose moral bonds are diverse and require a corresponding diversity of forms of legal recognition or protection.     

叙事病历临床应用的可能路径

在对叙事医学教育工具“平行病历”相关的文献进行梳理的基础上,概括出国内外研究的主要特征;指出临床实践中推行平行病历困境的症结,并明确提出应使用叙事病历概念,应讨论的主体是叙事书写,应强调中国本土叙事医学临床实践经验等主张。以安宁疗护领域的“对话体”叙事病历运用为例,提出拓展病历书写的多重可能性和人文容纳力的理解。致力于对病历开展反思性研究,旨在推动医学界将病历作为叙事医学教育临床转化的重要起点;通过提供个案和可供遵循的路径,助力形成相对完善的教育体系,并提出构建具有中国主体性叙事医学框架的可能。

     

心理韧性研究诸进路

心理韧性研究自发轫至今出现了若干可供遵循的进路, 主要有：以人为中心模型、以变量为中心模型、时间路径模型和因素-过程模型等。以人为中心进路围绕“人”开展研究, 将甄别出的心理韧性者与非韧性者及未经历严重压力/逆境者进行比较, 尝试理解心理韧性的由来。以变量为中心进路则聚焦于压力/危险逆境指标、心理韧性相关因子及心理社会发展功能指标, 经由分析这些变量的关系以探寻和推测心理韧性发展的机制。时间路径进路专注于时间进程, 追踪研究对象在严重压力/逆境开始前后到相当长一段时期心理社会功能变化过程特点, 以解读人类压力/逆境适应系统的运作特征及其功能差异, 推断心理韧性发展的过程及机制。因素-过程整合进路则以生态系统理论为指导, 兼顾因素与过程, 尝试提供一个更具研究指导性的心理韧性整合模型和一套机制解释策略基准框架。诸心理韧性研究进路各有侧重, 互有长短, 研究者对之了然于胸将有助于选择适切的研究设计与分析策略, 取长避短, 从而提高研究揭示效力。     

Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities

Intersectionality theories, or the recognition of multiple interlocking identities, defined by relative sociocultural power and privilege, constitute a vital step forward in research across multiple domains of inquiry. This special issue, which extends Shields (2008) contribution in Sex Roles, provides an opportunity to reflect on past, present, and future promise in intersectionality scholarship. To provide a common ground for this work, each paper in this special issue addresses the intersections of gender; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT); and racial/ethnic identities and related experiences. In this introduction, we (1) provide an overview of definitions and conceptualizations of intersectionality, (2) discuss the various approaches utilized in this issue to conceptualize and assess gender, LGBT, and racial/ethnic identities, (3) describe how these conceptualizations and assessments were translated into analyses of intersectionality, and (4) close with a discussion of some additional approaches and considerations intended to advance intersectionality research.     

Morality and HIV/AIDS: a Comparison of Russian Orthodox Church and Secular NGO Approaches

Abstract

This paper compares the different moral approaches taken by the Russian Orthodox Church and secular NGOs to the HIV/AIDS crisis in Russia. The paper consists of two parts. The first is a brief summary of the theoretical approach of the project. In this section I outline the theory of moral breakdown that helps provide a coherent framework to the emerging, but yet under-theorised, subdiscipline of the anthropology of moralities. In doing so, I show how this theory provides legitimacy to this choice of topic for a proper study of local moralities. The second section provides a brief background on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia, and then moves on to an analysis of the moral discourses and practices of the Russian Orthodox Church and secular NGOs, and how they have influenced the way these institutions approach the HIV/AIDS epidemic.     

宗教伦理在当代中国社会发挥作用的机制——必然的困境与可能的机遇

宗教伦理的神圣性来源于宗教自身的神圣性,宗教伦理的合理性根源于宗教世界观的合理性,然而进入现代社会之后,传统宗教自身丧失了对政治、经济乃至日常生活的社会法权,并日益趋于多元化和私人化,这样一来,宗教伦理的社会整合功能也面临了危机.而在当代中国,由于对意识形态所作的统一宣传教育,社会伦理状况则更为特殊,在这种情况下,宗教伦理既面临着丧失作用力的危机,也面对着以新模式发挥作用的机遇.     

Morality,Perspective, and Fantasy: A Comment on Sarah Buss

A response to Sarah Buss's article, ‘Some Musings about the Limits of an Ethics that Can Be Applied,’ focusing on issues connected with Buss’s claims about human insignificance, and the indifference to self that the recognition of insignificance allegedly engenders.     

国际关系伦理学:研究对象、内容和方法

本文将初步探讨国际关系伦理学的定义以及主要议题。国际关系伦理学是一门跨学科的学问,并且是国际关系学中的主要分支。国家的义务和责任构成了它的主题。随着新的国际关系的转型,国际关系伦理学的研究重点也会随着改变。本文概述了其主要研究手段,以期引起对这门新学科的兴趣。