小学生言语能力及其发展倾向的性别差异研究

本研究探讨了二、四、六年级小学生言语能力的性别差异的表现特征。结果表明,在言语记忆能力和言语阅读理解能力上没有表现出性别差异,而言语表达能力表现出显着的性别差异,女生的言语优势在四年级开始明显化,其发展倾向表现为随年龄增长而增大。     

大学生人格因素的性别差异研究

本研究通过对246名大学生施测16PF,分析了16种人格因素的性别差异现象。结果表明：在恃强、怀疑、幻想、紧张这四个因素上存在性别差异,表现为男生比女生更好强、固执,更爱怀疑、紧张,女生比男生更富于幻想;在世故性上,女生的变异率大于男生,女生表现出两极分化特征;经探索性因素分析结果表明,男女生所提取出的因子数量相同,但男女生的因子结构有些差异。     

空间导航能力性别差异的三水平元分析

空间导航是不可或缺的基本认知能力, 尽管已有大量研究探讨其性别差异, 但关于差异的存在和大小尚无定论。本研究对173项研究(总样本量N = 26604)和372个独立效应量进行三水平元分析, 结果表明, 大多数条件下男性的空间导航能力强于女性, 但性别差异受年龄、表征方式、时间限制、任务环境、测试场景、辅+助装备的调节, 在婴幼儿期、成年晚期的人群中, 以及室内−室外双重测试和无辅助设备条件下, 空间导航能力的性别差异不显著。本研究明确了空间导航能力的性别差异及其调节因素, 为教育实践中缩小性别差异提供了参考。     

大学生空间思惟的性别差异研究

本实验运用填图和拼图两项测验,通过对137名大学生被试进行研究,结果表明,就大学生这一层次而言,男女两性的空间思惟在整体上表现出的差异不具显著性,整个分布情况是:在连续分布的两端男生均高于女生。研究结果也表明,在空间思惟上,大学生也存在着明显的个性差异。     

中国儿童认知能力的性别差异发展倾向：韦氏儿童智力量表结果分析

分析韦氏儿童智力量表的全国常模以探讨中国儿童认知能力的性别差异。研究中使用多元变量（ｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅ）分析和单元变量（ｕｎｉｖａｒｉａｔｅ）分析两种手段。在多元交量分析中,首先使用线性结构关系（ＬＩＳＲＥＬ）多样本分析检验各年龄组中男女协方差矩阵、平均数向量和因子平均数的一致性;随后用区分分析确定造成差异的变项。与西方研究相比,中国儿童具有类似的性别差异类型与发展倾向,区别在于中国儿童的数学能力不存在明显的性别差异,这可能与中国的男女接受同等教育有关。     

面孔再认能力性别差异的实验研究

采用“学习—再认”范式,以有或无外部特征的不同性别面孔照片为材料,研究面孔记忆的性别差异,结果表明：（1）有外部特征时,女性被试对不同性别面孔的记忆成绩均好于男性被试;无外部特征时,女性被试与男性被试的记忆成绩不存在性别差异;（2）比起男性照片,女性可记忆更多的女性照片,表明女性在面孔记忆中存在自我性别偏见;男性也是可记忆更多的女性照片,存在反向的性别偏向;（3）无论被试性别和照片性别,均是有外部特征的面孔照片的记忆效果更好;有外部特征的情况下,女性的自我性别偏见更明显。     

中小学生学业成就动机的发展及性别差异的研究

研究中小学生学业成就动机的发展及性别差异。方法：采用东北师大心理系“成就动机”课题组编制的“学业成就动机量表”对河北辛集小学三年～高三890名中小学生进行调查。结果：年级与性别间存在交互效应,男生学业成就动机水平呈现出明显的阶段性发展;女生较男生变化更曲折。并且,从小学、初中到高中其学业成就动机水平均依次降低。另外,小学三年、四年、五年、初一、初二学生学业成就动机存在显的性别差异,小学六年、初三、高中三个年级则不存在性别差异。结论：中小学男生与女生学业成就动机的发展不同步,到初三、高中发展趋同。     

心理学研究中的差异检验方法

心理差异的检验方法有两类,一类是确定心理差异是否存在,所用方法是平均数的差异检验和变异率;一类是确定心理差异的大小与重要性,所用方法是效应值.本文主要介绍了目前我国心理学研究中尚未广泛使用的变异率和三种效应值检验方法:ω²、d、BESD,这类方法弥补了方差检验中的某些弱点,它能显示出差异的方向与大小,并能比较、整合不同样本的差异值.     

空间能力测验及其研究应用

空间能力所表现出的个体差异一直是空间能力研究中的热点问题,在研究中所使用的测验也多种多样。二维空间能力测验主要包括标准心理旋转测验及其多种变式;三维空间能力测验则是运用虚拟现实技术针对动态空间定位与位置学习等空间能力开发出的新型测验。这些测验主要用于探讨空间能力个体差异的影响因素。本文在介绍测验的同时总结了空间能力个体差异研究的结果并提出展望。     

7～11岁儿童持续注意能力的性别差异研究

本研究采用颜色、图形和数字信号监测的三种警觉任务形式 ,来探索7～ 1 1岁儿童持续注意能力的性别差异。结果发现 ,男女儿童持续注意随时间的变化趋势一致 ;7岁男性儿童的持续注意能力优于女性儿童 ,而 9岁和 1 1岁男女儿童的持续注意能力各有自己的风格 ,男性儿童反应快而正确率低 ,女性儿童反应慢而正确率高。     

中小学生欺负问题中的性别差异的研究

本研究运用修订的Olweus欺负/受欺负问卷对我国城乡4726名中小学生进行调查,考察了欺负与受欺负的性别差异问题,结果表明1.小学生和初中生受欺负的发生率不存在显著的性别差异,而男孩中欺负他人的比率却极显著地高于女孩;2.中小学生对欺负问题的态度存在显著的性别差异,初中生对欺负的态度受性别和年级的交互作用的影响;3.中小学生不同欺负方式的发生率存在显著的性别差异,男生直接的身体欺负和间接欺负显著地高于女生,而言语欺负的性别差异并不显著.     

Gender Differences in Employment and Salaries of Psychologists Within Medical School Settings

A survey of 3,894 psychologists employed within medical schools and academic health centers was conducted in 1997 by the Research Office of the American Psychological Association (APA) in collaboration with the Association of Medical School Psychologists (AMSP). This survey, published as the 1997 Employment Characteristics and Salaries of Medical School Psychologists, included inquiries about various aspects of employment (e.g., academic rank, tenure status, employment activities, appointment characteristics, department affiliations, demographic characteristics) and earnings. Employment characteristics and salary information were compared by gender. The findings indicated that men had more favorable employment circumstances and higher base salaries than their female counterparts. These differences existed across all academic ranks and were found at each level of experience. This article discusses these findings and their implications.     

When Gender Differences Surpass Cultural Differences in Personal Satisfaction with Body Shape in Israeli College Students

This study was designed to examine influences of gender and cultural background on participants satisfaction with body-shape. Participants were Jewish and Arab university students (104 men and 96 women), who completed the Figure Rating Scale (Fallon & Rozin, 1985). Discrepancy between current and ideal figures was used to measure body satisfaction. As in the U.S., women, in comparison with men, were significantly less satisfied with their bodies. They exaggerated the magnitude of thinness that they thought men desire. In contrast with U.S. findings, there were women as well as men, who indicated dissatisfaction with their bodies because they thought they were too thin. Contrary to our predictions, cultural background did not influence body satisfaction. However, gender and age produced significant differences in ratings.     

Gender Differences in Body Size Dissatisfaction Among Individuals With Low,Medium, or High Levels of Body Focus

The authors designed the present study to test whether women reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction than did men even when the 2 genders were matched on a measure of degree of body focus. Sixty undergraduates (30 men, 30 women) were screened on attention-to-body-shape scores and divided into high, medium, and low body-shape-focus groups. The participants also completed questionnaires that provided information on age, education, vocabulary ability, levels of depression, and body-image assessment. The groups did not differ (ps > .05) on age, education, vocabulary ability, or levels of depression. However, women in all 3 body-shape-focus categories indicated a larger discrepancy between their real vs. ideal body images (p < .01) than did the men. In the high-body-focus group, there was an 11:1 ratio between women's and men's reported real-ideal body-shape discrepancies. Women showed greater body dissatisfaction than did men, even when the genders were matched on a measure of body focus.     

Gender and age differences in spiritual development among early adolescents

ABSTRACT

The current study examined age and gender effects on spiritual development among early adolescents. A total sample of 416 Czech adolescents, age ranged from 11 to 15 years, was analysed for the study. Data was collected employing a non-experimental survey design by utilizing a self-administered questionnaire. A series of independent t-tests were performed to determine whether there were significant age and gender differences across the spirituality indicators: spiritual well-being, spiritual belief, and experiential spirituality. Results indicated that 11-year-old adolescents were more likely to demonstrate a higher level of spiritual well-being and spiritual belief compared with those 15-year-old; while 15-year-old adolescents were more likely to score high in experiential spirituality than their younger counterparts. Regarding gender, girls were more likely than boys to demonstrate a higher level of spirituality score. Practitioners in education and psychology should be mindful of the use of spirituality interventions applying the respective forms and practices according to age and gender to better promote positive youth development.     

高中生内隐和外显职业性别刻板印象关系

本研究采用内隐联想测验和相应的外显问卷考察高中生被试的职业性别刻板印象.结果表明,高中生被试内隐和外显职业性别刻板印象未出现实验性结构分离,外显层面和内隐层面均存在职业性别刻板印象,两层面性别差异均不显著.     

非医用胚胎植入前基因诊断性别的伦理思考

对胚胎植入前基因诊断(PGD)性别的非医学用途,尚有很多争议。从伦理学角度考虑,非医用PGD性别选择存在文化差异,在亚洲一些国家可能会引起人口性别比失衡以及性别歧视等,在西方一些国家可能不存在类似问题。