Rhétorique

Sans résuméCours prononcé par Nietzsche à Bâle en 1872. Ces notes de Nietzsche font partie desPhilologica des éditions Kröner 1912–1913 (vol. XVIII) et Musarion 1922 (Vorlesungen 1872–1876).     

Rhétorique et dialectique chez Aristote

Rhetoric and dialectic are two distinct circles, but in intersection. Rhetoric is an application (among others) of the dialectic to public debates. The dialectic is then the intellectual tool of rhetoric, distinct from its emotive means of persuading. But each of them can be antistrophos to the other one because both of them belong to the same sublunar world, our world. Such is Aristotle's answer, both to the sophists and to Plato.

     

La classification des exemples d'après Aristote (Rhétorique 2,20)

Aristotle considers all examples, as far as they are used as rhetorical arguments, to be inductions (Rhetoric 1, 2, 8). On the other hand, he finds it worthwhile to distinguish different kinds of examples (viz., historical example, comparison, and fable). Moreover, comparisons and fables are said to be made by the orator, whereas historical examples are not (Rhetoric 2, 20, 2s). The present article attempts to explain this opposition.A close examination of what can be meant by induction reveals that this term applies differently to historical examples and to comparisons and fables. In a broader sense, all examples can be called inductions, insofar as a certain logical relation, different from the syllogistic one, obtains between conclusion and premises. This relation, however, is unable to explain why examples can serve as arguments. Applied to historical examples only, the term induction preserves its original meaning of checking samples in a number sufficient to yield generalization. In its narrow sense, induction gives a satisfactory account of how historical examples work. As for comparisons and fables — to which induction applies in a broader sense only — Aristotle fails to explain what makes them arguments. The explanation, missing in Rhetoric 2, 20, can, however, be given according to the general lines of Aristotelian dialectics and rhetorics. The main task of comparison and fable is to elaborate a so far unconsidered middle term (M) meeting the following conditions: the hearer is prepared to agree that M applies to the subject of the conclusion and that the predicate of the conclusion applies to M. All examples make use of a general proposition from which their conclusion can be inferred. Historical examples (like real inductions) produce instances, in order to confirm a proposition previously admitted as suitable premise, provided that its truth can be proved. Comparison and fables, by introducing a new middle term, try to form a premise susceptible of being admitted without proof.

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La classification des exemples d'après Aristote (Rhétorique 2,20)

     

Pierre de La Ramée et le déclin de la rhétorique

This article provides a basic general introduction to Ramus, and evaluates his role in the history of logic and rhetoric, especially with relation to the study of argumentation. The author agrees with Ong and other historians of logic that Ramus is not to be taken seriously as a logician, and that his undoubted importance in the history of ideas is to be found elsewhere.Ramus advocates a belief in nature, experience and reason, and rejects the reliance on the authority of ancient philosophers, above all Aristotle, though experience does not mean scientific experiment and, paradoxically, includes the example of great philosophers and writers. In the end Ramus is seen as responsible for substituting for ancient classical rhetoric an entirely ornamental rhetoric of figures which was to take over education (with the exception of the Jesuit schools) almost until our own day. This curtailing and diminishing of rhetoric is seen as a degeneration. Ancient five-part rhetoric had been concerned with convincing and persuading: Aristotle distinguished the analytic, scientific reasoning of logic, from dialectic which was based on opinion and probability and had close links with rhetoric; by the time of Cicero and Quintilian, who addressed themselves to jurists and politicians, logic has given way to dialectic. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance the two become assimilated; the evolution of this is traced here through the thirteenth-century Summulae logicales of Peter of Spain to the fifteenth-century German humanist logician Rudolph Agricola, who influenced Ramus partly through the intermediary of Johann Sturm. Ramus took over their topical theories but restricted them to logic/dialectic, and left rhetoric with little more than tropes and figures. He believed that there was only one method for teaching all the arts, and one dialectic common to them all. The distinction between analytical and dialectical has disappeared, with far-reaching consequences for the study of argumentation. Over the centuries logic has lost its connection with controversy and persuasion. With the development of the post-Cartesian, post-Baconian emphasis on the clarity of scientific discourse, and the mid-nineteenth-century interest in mathematical and formal logic, the process was complete. Argumentation, or the new rhetoric, aims to fill the gap thus created.

     

Logique et théorie physique

Conclusion On s'occupe de la logique quantique depuis 1935 et pendant cette période beaucoup de résultats ont été obtenus, encore me suis-je abstenu de mentionner les résultats obtenus ces dernières années par les logiciens dans ce domaine. Certains de ces résultats ont un intérêt direct pour les théories physiques. En particulier on voit de quelles conditions impératives on doit tenir compte quand on effectue un changement de théorie pour passer à une théorie meilleure. L'exemple de la théorie fonctionnelle des corpuscules est significatif.     

La Justice Procédurale comme Variable Prévisionnelle de la Motivation Intrinsèque au Travail

Although the importance of intrinsic motivation at work is already known, the relationship between organizational justice and employees’ motivation remains unexplored. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive role of organizational justice on intrinsic motivation and the mediation effect of fundamental needs satisfaction in the study of organizational justice and employees’ intrinsic motivation. Key variables have been measured with a sample of 273 workers coming from numerous fields of work. Correlational analyses and multiples regression analyses have been conducted and have shown a significant positive relationship between the variables as well as a partial mediation effect of the basic psychological needs’ satisfaction in the relationship between procedural justice and intrinsic motivation. Results show significant positive relations between the three variables of interest and a partial mediation of the basic needs in the relation existing between procedural justice and intrinsic motivation. The role of justice for the development of intrinsic motivation at work is discussed.     

La croyance au monde juste comme facteur explicatif de diverses réactions à des injustices professionnelles

The belief in a just world is defined as the tendency to consider that “people get what they deserve and deserve what they get”, i.e. to consider that the world is, globally, a place of justice. Facing an individual unjustly victim of negative events and for whom it seems impossible to restore the justice objectively, we frequently deny the existence of the unjustice, even if we say the responsible of what he gets. But if we can react by adopting “passive” reactions (using the victim’s moral or behavioral responsibility, as in Lerner, or evocating a future favoring the victim,..), we can also adopt “active” strategies which can lead to an objective re-establishment of the justice. In the present study, we examined the influence of the degree of the belief in the just world on the selected strategy facing professional injustices. And effectively, our results indicate a some preferences in the use of such or strategy, preferences accentuated by the gender and the professional statute.     

Des raisons d'être d'une argumentation rhétorique selon Aristote

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons Aristotle gives for being able to use rhetorical argumentation, which is obviously not a scientific mode of expression. This faculty which was condemned by Plato as lacking morality, is paradoxically regarded by Aristotle as necessary on moral grounds. For, according to him, it would be blameworthy to keep silent when being verbally assailed. The necessity of rhetoric is, however, more deeply founded. First, because justice has to be saved from its enemies in the City's courts of law. Secondly, because everyone has to be convicted to follow in practice the rules of the City's laws and such a conviction, in the case of the multitude, cannot be obtained by the means of scientific arguments. Thirdly and above all, because, in forensic disputes, characteristics of free political societies, the demagogic power, which regularly leads to tyrannical regimes, can only be avoided by the weapons of rhetoric. From these explanations, one does see that rhetoric, for Aristotle, seems to be the necessary substitute for ancient and traditional instruments securing obedience to legal justice, i.e. myths and pure constraint or coercion. In civilized and free political communities, rhetoric is required for civilization and freedom.

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Des raisons d'être d'une argumentation rhétorique selon Aristote

     

La réparation psychique

Crime victims are confronted with a three-fold trauma at the physical, psychic and group levels. Indeed, trauma has a disruptive effect on the individual psyche as well as on the feeling of belonging to a larger community. As such, the crime victim must elaborate a personal questioning, while participating to a judicial proceeding aimed at restoring a feeling of belonging. Reparation thus takes place at the individual and collective levels, which implies simultaneously considering psychic reality and judicial reality, which confronts the crime victim with two positions and with two ways of functioning. After dealing with the trial's pacifying and resocializing functions, the three-times assistance support will be considered: formal and psychological preparation before the trial, assistance during the trial, post trial speech group therapy and information.     

« La malléabilité du cadre thérapeutique comme support d’élaboration sur les terrains de l’aide internationale »

IntroductionIn the field of international aid, the projects set up, including psychological care systems, must respond to international and local requirements regarding their financing and sustainability. In these contexts, clinical questions intersect with those of the systems and culture. The traumatic dimension remains prevalent, and these contexts often must deal with multiple local and international requirements. These dimensions can influence the devices set up and their evolution.ObjectivesThrough feedback from an action-research conducted in Cambodia, we question the evolutions and adaptations of a therapeutic device with abused children.MethodFor one year, a device based on mediation was proposed for 10 children hosted within a local child protection NGO. We describe here its implementation and its evolution in the field.ResultsThe setting up of the system was a vector of different meetings. The adjustments were made in relation to the institutional context, the meetings with the local actors and the specificities of the clinic.ConclusionThe evolutions of the therapeutic device seem to signify the processes at play, both on the institutional and intersubjective scene. Regarding these field returns, the malleability of the therapeutic devices in these contexts seems to support the expression and the processual evolution, allowing a work of psychic elaboration.     

La philosophie géométrique de Henri Poincaré

Sans résuméLe texte de cette conférence est, en majeure partie, emprunté au premier chapitre de mon livreLa Philosophie des Mathématiques de Henri Poincaré, qui a été publié par les Editions Gauthier-Villars (Paris-Louvain 1966).     

La parole archaïque: La théorie du langage chez Antisthéne

La parole archaïque: La théorie du langage chez Antisthéne     

Les travailleurs handicapés sont-ils perçus comme des travailleurs compétents ?

Building on recent research in the area of social judgment, this paper examines how persons with disability are evaluated in a professional context. In three studies, participants without disability had to rate persons with or without disability, with or without a job, on traits reflecting the fundamental dimensions of social judgment (social desirability and social utility). Our results showed that persons with disability were systematically judged more negatively on social utility, but more positively on social desirability than persons without disability. Focusing on social utility, persons with disability were perceived as less competent, but more courageous than persons without disability. These results are discussed with regard to chances of persons with disability to succeed in the workplace.     

Le genou de Clémence ou l'espace nostrique comme perspective psychothérapeutique

The writer uses the case study of Clemence' knee to present the phenomenological concept of Wirheit in german (Nostrité in french) which can be translate into "being with" or "being together" in english. This concept is worth knowing in psychology because it can run the psychotherapeutic treatment more effective: care proceedings which will be able to create their own "being with" area vill start again the existential dimension of the patient; this sentient and unrepresentable (so unanalysable) base of the psychical human identity. In practice, we'll see that this therapeutic « being with » consists in working a spontaneous problematic "being with" called out by the patient. This defensive position can be identified in the light of a cover for the human being core. With the therapeutic help, such a "being with" will become the place of the embodied and incorporated self as a competent base for existence. It is noteworthy that the method used to make the reader's understanding easier is to start from a psychanalytic understanding of Clemence's problematic to move on a phenomenological one, so as to draw the efficient sight, for psychology, of this "being with" concept came from philosophy.