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1.
Itay Snir 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(3):407-437
This article offers a new interpretation of Adorno’s “new categorical imperative”: it suggests that the new imperative is
an important element of Adorno’s moral philosophy and at the same time runs counter to some of its essential features. It
is suggested that Adorno’s moral philosophy leads to two aporiae, which create an impasse that the new categorical imperative
attempts to circumvent. The first aporia results from the tension between Adorno’s acknowledgement that praxis is an essential
part of moral philosophy, and his view according to which existing social conditions make it impossible for moral knowledge
to be translated into “right” action. The second aporia results from the tension between the uncompromising sensitivity to
suffering that underlies Adorno’s moral thought, and his analysis of the culture industry mechanisms which turn people into
happy, satisfied customers—an incompatibility which threatens to pull the rug out from under Adorno’s moral philosophy. My
interpretation of the “new categorical imperative” focuses on two characteristics it inherits from the “old,” Kantian one—self-evidence
and unconditionality—in order to present the new imperative as a response to these two aporiae. 相似文献
2.
Jiaxiang Hu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(1):41-56
Mencius’ aesthetics unfolded around the ideal personality in his mind. Such an ideal personality belonged to a great man who
was sublime, practical and honorable, and it was presented as the beauty of magnificence or the beauty of masculinity. Mencius
put forward many propositions such as “the completed goodness that is brightly displayed is called greatness,” nourishing
“one’s grand qi 气 (the great morale personality),” “only after a man is a sage can he completely suits himself to his own form,” “the saints
only apprehended before me that of which my mind approves along with other men,” being “conscious of sincerity on self-examination,”
and flowing “abroad, above and beneath, like that of Heaven and Earth,” all of which described an ideal personality through
the course of its formation and its psychological experience. As a prominent school before the Qin dynasty, Mencius’ aesthetics
greatly developed the Confucian teaching of “internal sage.” It shared many similarities with Zhuangzi’s thought and was also
an aesthetic mode opposed to the latter. Both kinds of aesthetics were prominent: Mencius’ teaching was like imposingly towering
and muscularly overflowing majestic mountains; Zhuangzi’s thought was like gracefully flowing water with an air of femininity.
In real life though, Mencius’ teaching has greater practical significance in addressing the unbearable lightness of being,
a disease of modernity. 相似文献
3.
We look into the transformation of meanings in psychotherapy and suggest a clinical application for Wittgenstein’s intuitions
concerning the role of linguistic practices in generating significance. In post-modern theory, therapy does not necessarily
change reality as much as it does our way of experiencing it by intervening in the linguistic-representational rules responsible
for constructing the text which expresses the problem. Since “states of mind assume the truths and forms of the language devices
that we use to represent them” (Foucault, 1963, p. 57), therapy may be intended as a narrative path toward a new naming of one’s reified experiences. The clinical problem
we consider here, the pervasive feeling of inadequacy due to one’s excessive height (dysmorphophobia), is an excellent example
of “language game” by which a “perspicuous representation” (the “therapy” proposed by Wittgenstein in the 1953) may bring out alternatives to linguistically-built “traps”, putting the blocked semiotic mechanism back into motion. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, it is argued that Ferguson’s (2003, Argumentation 17, 335–346) recent proposal to reconcile monotonic logic with defeasibility has three counterintuitive consequences. First, the conclusions that can be derived from his new rule of inference are vacuous, a point that as already made against default logics when there are conflicting defaults. Second, his proposal requires a procedural “hack” to the break the symmetry between the disjuncts of the tautological conclusions to which his proposal leads. Third, Ferguson’s proposal amounts to arguing that all everyday inferences are sound by definition. It is concluded that the informal logic response to defeasibility, that an account of the context in which inferences are sound or unsound is required, still stands. It is also observed that another possible response is given by Bayesian probability theory (Oaksford and Chater, in press, Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; Hahn and Oaksford, in press, Synthese). 相似文献
5.
Joshua C. Thurow 《Philosophical Studies》2009,146(2):273-289
One of Laurence BonJour’s main arguments for the existence of the a priori is an argument that a priori justification is indispensable
for making inferences from experience to conclusions that go beyond experience. This argument has recently come under heavy
fire from Albert Casullo, who has dubbed BonJour’s argument, “The Generality Argument.” In this paper I (i) defend the Generality
Argument against Casullo’s criticisms, and (ii) develop a new, more plausible, version of the Generality Argument in response
to some other objections of my own. Two of these objections stem out of BonJour’s failing to fully consider the importance
of the distinction between being justified in believing that an inference is good and being justified in making an inference.
The final version of the argument that I develop sees the Generality Argument as one part of a cumulative case argument for
the existence of a priori justification, rather than as a stand-alone knock-down argument. 相似文献
6.
Mikkel Gerken 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(3):373-394
I pursue an answer to the psychological question “what is it for S to presuppose that p?” I will not attempt a general answer.
Rather, I will explore a particular kind of presuppositions that are constituted by the mental act of reasoning: Inferential
presuppositions. Indeed, I will consider a specific kind of inferential presuppositions—one that is constituted by a specific
reasoning competence: The univocality competence. Roughly, this is the competence that reliably governs the univocal thought-components’
operation as univocal in a line of reasoning. I will argue that the exercise of this reasoning competence constitutes certain
inferential presuppositions. More specifically, I outline a conception of an inferential presupposition as a non-attitudinal
but genuinely psychological and rationally committing relation that holds between a reasoner and a proposition. Thus, inferential
presuppositions may be distinguished from tacit or standing attitudes that function as premise-beliefs in reasoning. Likewise
inferential presuppositions may be distinguished from other kinds of presuppositions. In conclusion, I note some features
of inferential presuppositions that bear on the epistemology of inference. 相似文献
7.
This article will investigate the issue of accessing benxin 本心 (original mind), subsequent operation from Self and, in that process, union with the “greater universe” or benti 本体 (original substance)—a state expressed in the West as “cosmic consciousness.” It is proposed that this allows one to participate as a partner in the creative process of one’s own life and the surrounding world. The equally important question of how to gain contact with original mind will also be addressed, as well as the consequences of doing so with regard to the human condition. The concept of original thought is introduced, being important here as it is held to be that thought which is generated in the pure condition of original mind, devoid of influence from finite physical existence. 相似文献
8.
In “Vindicating the Normativity of Rationality,” Nicholas Southwood proposes that rational requirements are best understood
as demands of one’s “first-personal standpoint.” Southwood argues that this view can “explain the normativity or reason-giving
force” of rationality by showing that they “are the kinds of thing that are, by their very nature, normative.” We argue that
the proposal fails on three counts: First, we explain why demands of one’s first-personal standpoint cannot be both reason-giving
and resemble requirements of rationality. Second, the proposal runs headlong into the now familiar “bootstrapping” objection
that helped illuminate the need to vindicate the normativity of rationality in the first place. Lastly, even if Southwood
is right—the demands of rationality just are the demands or our first-personal standpoints—the explanation as to why our standpoints
generate reasons will entail that we sometimes have no reason at all to be rational. 相似文献
9.
Ernest W. Adams 《Synthese》2005,146(1-2):129-138
Syllogisms like Barbara, “If all S is M and all M is P, then all S is P”, are here analyzed not in terms of the truth of their categorical constituents, “all S is M”, etc., but rather in terms of the corresponding proportions, e.g., of Ss that are Ms. This allows us to consider the inferences’ approximate validity, and whether the fact that most Ss are Ms and most Ms are Ps guarantees that most Ss are Ps. It turns out that no standard syllogism is universally valid in this sense, but special ‘default rules’ govern approximate reasoning of this kind. Special attention is paid to
inferences involving existential propositions of the “Some S is M” form, where it is does not make sense to say “Almost some S is M”, but where it is important that in
everyday speech, “Some” does not mean “At least one”, but rather “A not insignificant number”. 相似文献
10.
John F. Miller 《Sophia》1973,12(3):11-23
Summary In every domain, the philosopher finds some principle which is unfalsifiable in so far as all experience is interpreted in
accordance with it. This principle is tautologous or analytic-within-its domain in that it defines fundamental terms with
which it characterizes experiences: Newton’s Laws define “mass” and “the equality of times”; the Principle of the Rectilinear
Propagation of LIght defines “light”; the Principle of Evolution defines “adaptation” and “natural selection”; and the Principle
of the Conservation of Energy defines “a closed system.” Moreover, each principle is employed as a methodological rule or
a tacit imperative to the investigator to interpret experience or to draw inferences in accordance with it. Nevertheless,
each principle has empirical content: not only by virtue of its place within its respective domain but also because there
are sufficient rules of correspondence which make the statement-form empirically relevant; not only because the principle
itself is taken to be true but also because empirical inferences are drawn in accordance with it. To construe these principles
as mere counterfactuals would be clearly incorrect. Counterfactuals, as Rescher would characterize them, are “belief-contravening
suppositions” because certain beliefs are excluded if one is to be consistent. Although this is certainly true of these principles,
the range of beliefs contravened is far larger than those beliefs excluded in mere laws of nature. For, to give up these principles
would be to give up explaining the entire domain of experience to which they are applicable. 相似文献
11.
Xianglong Zhang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(1):60-65
The author examines He Lin’s interpretation of Zhu Xi’s method of intuition from a phenomenological-hermeneutical perspective
and by exposing Zhu’s philosophical presuppositions. In contrast with Lu Xiangshan’s intuitive method, Zhu Xi’s method of
reading classics advocates “emptying your heart and flowing with the text” and, in this spirit, explains the celebrated “exhaustive
investigation on the principles of things (ge wu qiong li).” “Text,” according to Zhu, is therefore not an object in ordinary sense but a “contextual region” or “sensible pattern”
that, when merged with the reader, generates meanings. Furthermore, by discussing the related doctrines of Lao Zi, Zhuang
Zi, Hua-Yan Buddhism, Zhou Dunyi, and Zhu Xi’s own “One principle with many manifestations (li yi fen shu),” the author identifies the philosophical preconditions of Zhu’s method. Based on this analysis, the author goes on to illustrate
Zhu’s understanding of “observing potential yet unapparent pleasure, anger, sorrow and happiness” and “maintaining a serious
attitude (zhu jing).” 相似文献
12.
The current study compares the effects of experimentally induced rumination, positive reappraisal, distancing, and acceptance
on affect states in adolescents aged 13–18. Participants (N = 160) were instructed to think about a recent stressful event. Next, they received specific instructions on how to think
about that event in each condition. Manipulation checks revealed that the manipulations were successful, except for acceptance.
The two most reported events were “a fight” and “death of loved one”. Results showed that positive reappraisal (i.e., thinking
about the benefits and personal growth) caused a significantly larger increase in positive affect and decrease in negative
affect compared to rumination, distancing, and acceptance. Current findings implicate that positive reappraisal seems an adequate
coping strategy in the short-term, and therefore could be applied in interventions for youth experiencing difficulties managing
negative affect. Future research should focus on long-term effects of these cognitive strategies and on more intensive training
of acceptance. 相似文献
13.
John H. Whittaker 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,63(1-3):103-129
As an illustration of what Phillips called the “heterogeneity of sense,” this essay concentrates on differences in what is
meant by a “reason for belief.” Sometimes saying that a belief is reasonable simply commends the belief’s unquestioned acceptance
as a part of what we understand as a sensible outlook. Here the standard picture of justifying truth claims on evidential
grounds breaks down; and it also breaks down in cases of fundamental moral and religious disagreement, where the basic beliefs
that we hold affect our conception of what counts as a reliable ground of judgment. Phillips accepts the resultant variations
in our conceptions of rational judgment as a part of logic, just as Wittgenstein did. All objective means of determining the truth or falsity of an assertion presume some underlying conceptual agreement about what counts
as good judgment. This means that the possibility of objective justification is limited. But no pernicious relativism results
from this view, for as Wittgenstein said, “After reason comes persuasion.” There is, moreover, a non-objective criterion of
sorts in the moral and religious requirement that one be able to live with one’s commitments. In such cases, good judgment
is still possible, but it differs markedly from the standard model of making rational inferences. 相似文献
14.
Wim Dekkers 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(5):335-349
The notion of home is well known from our everyday experience, and plays a crucial role in all kinds of narratives about human
life, but is hardly ever systematically dealt with in the philosophy of medicine and health care. This paper is based upon
the intuitively positive connotation of the term “home.” By metaphorically describing the goal of palliative care as “the
patient’s coming home,” it wants to contribute to a medical humanities approach of medicine. It is argued that this metaphor
can enrich our understanding of the goals of palliative care and its proper objectives. Four interpretations of “home” and
“coming home” are explored: (1) one’s own house or homelike environment, (2) one’s own body, (3) the psychosocial environment,
and (4) the spiritual dimension, in particular, the origin of human existence. Thinking in terms of coming home implies a
normative point of view. It represents central human values and refers not only to the medical-technical and care aspects
of health care, but also to the moral context. 相似文献
15.
Based on a close study of benchmark examples in default reasoning, such as Nixon Diamond, Penguin Principle, etc., this paper
provides an in depth analysis of the basic features of default reasoning. We formalize default inferences based on Modus Ponens
for Default Implication, and mark the distinction between “local inferences” (to infer a conclusion from a subset of given
premises) and “global inferences” (to infer a conclusion from the entire set of given premises). These conceptual analyses
are captured by a formal semantics that is built upon the set-selection function technique. A minimal logic system M of default
reasoning that accommodates Modus Ponens for Default Implication and suitable for local inferences is proposed, and its soundness
is proved.
__________
Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2003 (special issue) by Ye Feng 相似文献
16.
Slavoj Žižek 《Topoi》2006,25(1-2):137-142
There are not only true or false solutions, there are also false questions. The task of philosophy is not to provide answers
or solutions, but to submit to critical analysis the questions themselves, to make us see how the very way we perceive a problem
is an obstacle to its solution. This holds especially for today’s public debates on ecological threats, on lack of faith,
on democracy and the “war on terror”, in which the “unknown knowns”, the silent presuppositions we are not aware of, determine
our acts. 相似文献
17.
Russell Grieger 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(2):107-120
Organizational consulting offers opportunities to diversify one’s practice and increase one’s income, all the while reducing
the frustrations associated with working with insurance and managed care companies. This paper describes one REBT therapist’s
conception of the “personality” of any organization, a list of potential services to offer businesses, and a few practical
suggestions to successfully transfer from the clinical office into the organizational world. 相似文献
18.
The apparent truth of dualism and the uncanny body 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen Burwood 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(2):263-278
It has been suggested that our experiences of embodiment in general appear to constitute an experiential ground for dualist
philosophy and that this is particularly so with experiences of dissociation, in which one feels estranged from one’s body.
Thus, Drew Leder argues that these play “a crucial role in encouraging and supporting Cartesian dualism” as they “seem to
support the doctrine of an immaterial mind trapped inside an alien body”. In this paper I argue that as dualism does not capture
the character of such experiences there is not even an apparent separation of self and body revealed here and that one’s body
is experienced as uncanny rather than alien. The general relationship between our philosophical theorizing and the phenomenology
of lived experience is also considered.
相似文献
Stephen BurwoodEmail: |
19.
李景林 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):198-210
Feng Youlan emphasizes the concept of “creativity” in his article “Explanation of Mencius’ Chapter on Strong, Moving Vital
Force”, in particular highlighting the problem whether the “strong, moving vital force” is “innate” or “acquired”. Cheng Hao
and Zhu Xi believed the “strong, moving vital force” was endowed by Heaven, so was therefore innate; “nourishment” cleared
fog and allowed one to “recover one’s original nature”. Mencius’ theory on “the good of human nature” is illustrated in the
concept of integrated “original endowment”. So Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory of “recovering the original nature” proposed
that the “strong, moving vital force” was innate, which is in complete agreement with Mencius and of which there is ample
evidence in Mencius. However, “nature” is “created by the accumulation of righteousness”. Namely, it is the completion and presentation of the
process of creation and transformation of human beings. Only when we consider both Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory and Feng
Youlan’s theory can we fully understand Mencius’ theory of “the nourishment of the strong, moving vital force”, which is of
great theoretical and academic value in accurately understanding Mencius and the Confucian theory of mind-nature.
Translated by Lei Yongqiang from Shehui kexue zhanxian 社会科学战线 (Social Science Front), 2007, (5):12–16 相似文献
20.
Shiling Xiang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(2):173-192
From Han Yu’s yuan Dao 原道 (retracing the Dao) to Ouyang Xiu’s lun ben 论本 (discussing the root), the conflicts arising from Confucianists’ rejection of Buddhism were focused on one point, namely,
the examination of zhongxin suo shou 中心所守 (something kept in mind). The attitude towards the distinction between mind and trace, and the proper approach to erase
the gap between emptiness and being, as well as that between the expedient and the true, became the major concerns unavoidable
for various thinkers to integrate the two teachings and to propel academic development. “To understand by mind” and “to blame
for matter” were of crucial methodological significance for transcendence in both Confucianism and Buddhism. The arguments
of Confucian scholars like Zhang Zai and the Cheng brothers on the identity of mind and trace and the unity of void and solid
are mutually manifested. The same mind with the same principle means “mind is principle.” The “common axis of Confucianism
and Buddhism” exists in the emphasis on mind beyond trace. The unification of mind and trace or the accordance of body and
function has actually become the cardinal foundation for the possible mergence of the Three Teachings. 相似文献