共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
S J Read 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1987,52(2):288-302
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Michael Baumgartner 《Synthese》2009,170(1):71-96
While standard procedures of causal reasoning as procedures analyzing causal Bayesian networks are custom-built for (non-deterministic)
probabilistic structures, this paper introduces a Boolean procedure that uncovers deterministic causal structures. Contrary
to existing Boolean methodologies, the procedure advanced here successfully analyzes structures of arbitrary complexity. It
roughly involves three parts: first, deterministic dependencies are identified in the data; second, these dependencies are
suitably minimalized in order to eliminate redundancies; and third, one or—in case of ambiguities—more than one causal structure
is assigned to the minimalized deterministic dependencies. 相似文献
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What factors contribute to hindsight bias, the phenomenon whereby the known outcome of an event appears obvious only after
the fact? The Causal Model Theory (CMT) of hindsight bias (Nestler et al. in Soc Psychol 39:182–188, 2008a; in J Expl Psychol: Learn Mem Cog 34:1043–1054, 2008b; Pezzo in Mem 11:421–441, 2003; Wasserman et al. in Pers Soc Psychol Bull 17:30–35, 1991) posits that hindsight bias can occur when people have the opportunity to identify potential causal antecedents and evaluate
whether they could have led to the outcome. Two experiments incorporating highly controlled minimalist scenarios supported
the CMT. As predicted by the CMT, hindsight bias occurred when the causal factor explained the actual outcome better than
the alternative outcome, and reverse hindsight bias occurred when the causal factor explained the alternative outcome better
than the actual outcome. Moreover, we found new evidence that outcome knowledge alone was insufficient to elicit hindsight
bias in the absence of a potential causal antecedent. Implications for future directions in hindsight bias research are discussed. 相似文献
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Ken Gemes 《Synthese》2007,154(2):293-306
Popper’s original definition of verisimilitude in terms of comparisons of truth content and falsity content has known counter-examples.
More complicated approaches have met with mixed success. This paper uses a new account of logical content to develop a definition
of verisimilitude that is close to Popper’s original account. It is claimed that Popper’s mistake was to couch his account
of truth and falsity content in terms of true and false consequences. Comparison to a similar approach by Schurz and Wiengartner
show certain advantages of this new approach. 相似文献
7.
Ilkka Niiniluoto 《Studia Logica》1983,42(2-3):315-329
The recent theories of truthlikeness have not paid attention to the distinction between lawlike and accidental generalizations. L.J. Cohen has expressed this by saying that science aims at legisimilitude rather than verisimilitude. G. Oddie has given a reply to Cohen by defining the notion of legisimilitude in terms of higher-order logics. This paper gives a different reply to Cohen by treating laws as physically necessary generalizations and by defining the notion of legisimilitude as closeness to a suitably chosen lawlike sentence. 相似文献
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Neumann R 《Psychological science》2000,11(3):179-182
According to attributional theories of emotion, feelings of guilt presuppose that the causes of a negative event are located within the individual (internal attribution), whereas feelings of anger presuppose that the causes of the eliciting event are located outside the individual (external attribution). This study tested whether these attributions in fact exert the claimed causal influence on emotional experiences. The study employed a procedural priming technique in which neutral events were repeatedly attributed either to oneself (internal attribution) or to another person (external attribution). Subsequently, participants were exposed to a negative event that was ambiguous as to its causes. The results reveal that the prior repeated use of internal attributions enhanced the tendency to experience guilt, whereas the repeated use of external attributions enhanced the tendency to experience anger. These findings support the assumption that attributions exert a causal influence on emotions. 相似文献
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The present investigation draws on the judgment research tradition in order to examine the causal attributions made by individual subjects in an often used attribution task. Formal empirical tests of Kelley's (1967) attribution theory have demonstrated that attributions are influenced by the interaction of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information. None of these studies, however, have separately examined attributions made by individual judges. Implicit assumptions about individual differences, for example, have been made by the template-matching model of causal attribution (Orvis, Cunningham, & Kelley, 1975) but have not been scrutinized at the intrasubject level. Log linear modeling of attributions in the present research showed that while subjects were influenced by the causal information in the task, the relation between this information and attributions was more importantly characterized by individual differences than by uniform patterning. The nature of these individual differences and the significance of an idiographic approach to causal analysis are discussed. 相似文献
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A general approach to causal mediation analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Traditionally in the social sciences, causal mediation analysis has been formulated, understood, and implemented within the framework of linear structural equation models. We argue and demonstrate that this is problematic for 3 reasons: the lack of a general definition of causal mediation effects independent of a particular statistical model, the inability to specify the key identification assumption, and the difficulty of extending the framework to nonlinear models. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that overcomes these limitations. Our approach is general because it offers the definition, identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis of causal mediation effects without reference to any specific statistical model. Further, our approach explicitly links these 4 elements closely together within a single framework. As a result, the proposed framework can accommodate linear and nonlinear relationships, parametric and nonparametric models, continuous and discrete mediators, and various types of outcome variables. The general definition and identification result also allow us to develop sensitivity analysis in the context of commonly used models, which enables applied researchers to formally assess the robustness of their empirical conclusions to violations of the key assumption. We illustrate our approach by applying it to the Job Search Intervention Study. We also offer easy-to-use software that implements all our proposed methods. 相似文献
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Verisimilitude based on concept analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ewa Orłowska 《Studia Logica》1990,49(3):307-320
In the paper ordering relations for comparison of verisimilitude of theories are introduced and discussed. The relations refer to semantic analysis of the results of theories, in particular to analysis of concepts the theories deal with. 相似文献
16.
Jeffrey Dunn 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2019,97(1):151-166
Suppose that beliefs come in degrees. How should we then measure the accuracy of these degrees of belief? Scoring rules are usually thought to be the mathematical tool appropriate for this job. But there are many scoring rules, which lead to different ordinal accuracy rankings. Recently, Fallis and Lewis [2016] have given an argument that, if sound, rules out many popular scoring rules, including the Brier score, as genuine measures of accuracy. I respond to this argument, in part by noting that the argument fails to account for verisimilitude—that certain false hypotheses might be closer to the truth than other false hypotheses are. Oddie [forthcoming], however, has argued that no member of a very wide class of scoring rules (the so-called proper scores) can appropriately handle verisimilitude. I explain how to respond to Oddie's argument, and I recommend a class of weighted scoring rules that, I argue, genuinely measure accuracy while escaping the arguments of Fallis and Lewis as well as Oddie. 相似文献
17.
White PA 《The American journal of psychology》1999,112(4):605-642
Within a limited domain, humans can perceive causal relations directly. The term causal realism is used to denote this psychological hypothesis. The domain of causal realism is in actions upon objects and haptic perception of the effects of those actions: When we act upon an object we cannot be mistaken about the fact that we are acting upon it and perceive the causal relation directly through mechanoreceptors. Experiences of actions upon objects give rise to causal knowledge that can be used in the interpretation of perceptual input. Phenomenal causality, the occurrence of causal impressions in visual perception, is a product of the application of acquired causal knowledge in the automatic perceptual interpretation of appropriate stimuli. Causal realism could constitute the foundation on which all causal perception, judgment, inference, attribution, and knowledge develop. 相似文献
18.
Peter L. Mott 《Synthese》1978,38(2):247-273
Conclusion This paper began with the simple object of finding an account that allowed us to compare incompatible false theories. This we achieved with . But that relation is language — or interest — dependent. ' is free from this limitation; though thus liberated it is perhaps rather unconcerned about what is true, and further fails to deliver certain intuitive comparisons. Whether is to be preferred to ' or vice versa, seems to me a largely fruitless question: In fact it might be that as we seek to free the idea of verisimilitude from any dependence on language, interests or problems, so we gradually collapse it to nothing more than logical power. 相似文献
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Giangiacomo Gerla 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(6):707-733
A metric approach to Popper’s verisimilitude question is proposed which is related to point-free geometry. Indeed, we define
the theory of approximate metric spaces whose primitive notions are regions, inclusion relation, minimum distance, and maximum distance between regions. Then, we show that the class of possible scientific theories has the structure of an approximate metric
space. So, we can define the verisimilitude of a theory as a function of its (approximate) distance from the truth. This avoids
some of the difficulties arising from the known definitions of verisimilitude. 相似文献
20.
Theory change is a central concern in contemporary epistemology and philosophy of science. In this paper, we investigate the
relationships between two ongoing research programs providing formal treatments of theory change: the (post-Popperian) approach
to verisimilitude and the AGM theory of belief change. We show that appropriately construed accounts emerging from those two
lines of epistemological research do yield convergences relative to a specified kind of theories, here labeled “conjunctive”.
In this domain, a set of plausible conditions are identified which demonstrably capture the verisimilitudinarian effectiveness
of AGM belief change, i.e., its effectiveness in tracking truth approximation. We conclude by indicating some further developments
and open issues arising from our results. 相似文献