Preschoolers can recognize violations of the Gricean maxims

Grice (Syntax and semantics: Speech acts, 1975, pp. 41-58, Vol. 3) proposed that conversation is guided by a spirit of cooperation that involves adherence to several conversational maxims. Three types of maxims were explored in the current study: 1) Quality, to be truthful; 2) Relation, to say only what is relevant to a conversation; and 3) Quantity, to provide as much information as required. Three- to five-year-olds were tested to determine the age at which an awareness of these Gricean maxims emerges. Children requested the help of one of two puppets in finding a hidden sticker. One puppet always adhered to the maxim being tested, while the other always violated it. Consistently choosing the puppet that adhered to the maxim was considered indicative of an understanding of that maxim. The results indicate that children were initially only successful in the Relation condition. While in general, children performed better at first in the Quantity condition compared with the Quality condition, 3-year-olds never performed above chance in the Quantity condition. The findings of the present study indicate that preschool children are sensitive to the violation of the Relation, Quality, and Quantity maxims at least under some conditions.     

Toward Computational Model of Emotion from Individual Difference in Perceiving Facial Expressions

We propose a computational model for identifying emotional state of a facial expression from appraisal scores given by human observers utilizing their differences in perception. The appraisal model of human emotion is adopted as the basis of this evaluation process with appraisal variables as output. We investigated the performance for both categorical and continuous representation of the variables appraised by human observers. Analysis of the data exhibits higher degree of agreement between estimated Indian ratings and the available reference when these are rated through continuous domain. We also observed that emotional state with negative valence are influential in the perception of hybrid emotional state like ‘Surprise’, only when appraisal variables are labeled through categories of emotions. Thus, the proposed method has implications in developing software to detect emotion using appraisal variables in continuous domain, perceived from facial expression of an agent (or human subject). Further, this model can be customized to include cultural variability in recognizing emotions.     

Experimental pragmatics: a Gricean turn in the study of language

Discerning the meaning of an utterance requires not only mastering grammar and knowing the meanings of words but also understanding the communicative (i.e., pragmatic) features of language. Although it has been an ever present aspect of linguistic analyses and discussions, it is only over the last ten years or so that cognitive scientists have been investigating--in a concerted fashion--the pragmatic features of language experimentally. We begin by highlighting Paul Grice's contributions to ordinary language philosophy and show how it has led to this active area of experimental investigation. We then focus on two exemplary phenomena--'scalar inference' and 'reference resolution'--before considering other topics that fit into the paradigm known as 'experimental pragmatics'.     

Assessment of the Barnum Effect in Computer-Based Test Interpretations

A prototypic experiment for validating computer-based test interpretations (CBTIs) was conducted. Undergraduates (N = 63) completed the Comprehensive Personality Profile Compatibility Questionnaire (CPPCQ; Craft, 1987). One treatment group rated real CBTIs for relative accuracy, and another group rated bogus CBTIs. A significant main effect for differences in ratings indicated that the real CPPCQ profiles were rated as 74.5% accurate whereas the bogus CBTIs were rated as 57.9% accurate. Several covariate effects were tested, but none were significant.     

Interpretations of Spinoza in early Russian Marxism

Studies in East European Thought - The roots of the controversial readings of Spinoza during Soviet times date back to the history of Russian Marxism. Spinoza was a most influential figure whom...     

两宋的《论语》诠释与儒学重建

两宋时期文化界兴起的复兴原始儒学、重建儒家有体有用的圣人之道,导致<论语>诠释的学术热潮兴起.宋儒的<论语>学在经典诠释、本体建构、下学工夫三个方面均作出了创造性的贡献,从而建构了一种理学型的<论语>学,使<论语>学发展到一个新的高峰.     

Interpretations of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras in peano arithmetic

For every sequence |p _n } _n of formulas of Peano ArithmeticPA with, every formulaA of the first-order theory diagonalizable algebras, we associate a formula ⁰ A, called the value ofA inPA with respect to the interpretation. We show that, ifA is true in every diagonalizable algebra, then, for every, ⁰ A is a theorem ofPA.     

Interpretations of intuitionist logic in non-normal modal logics

Historically, it was the interpretations of intuitionist logic in the modal logic S4 that inspired the standard Kripke semantics for intuitionist logic. The inspiration of this paper is the interpretation of intuitionist logic in the non-normal modal logic S3: an S3 model structure can be 'looked at' as an intuitionist model structure and the semantics for S3 can be 'cashed in' to obtain a non-normal semantics for intuitionist propositional logic. This non-normal semantics is then extended to intuitionist quantificational logic.     

An Investigation of Counselor Interpretations in Client-Centered Therapy

Preliminary findings by the McGill Psychotherapy Process Research Team indicate that not only are interpretations used in client-centered therapy, but they are also efficient in producing in-session client change. Using the Hill Counsellor Verbal Response Category System—Revised (Friedlander, 1982) as a guide to locate interpretations, we investigated the qualitative differences between interpretations leading to different in-session client change events in six sessions conducted by Carl Rogers. The occurrence of in-session therapeutic phenomena were assessed using the Experiencing Scale (Klein, Mathieu, Gendlin, & Keisler, 1970) and the Category System of Good Moments (Mahrer & Nadler, 1986). Results indicate that significant in-session therapeutic phenomena are preceded by interpretations and that qualitative differences exist between interpretations that precede change events and those that do not. Implications for psychotherapy theory, research, and practice are discussed.     

《周易》比、履、离、泰四卦爻辞零释

《周易》比卦初六爻辞"有孚盈缶"之"缶"当读为"饱","盈缶"即"盈饱"。履卦初九爻辞"素履"之"素"帛书《易经》本作"错",当读为"踖"。"踖履",就是敬慎地行走。离卦初九爻辞"履错然"之"错"帛书《易经》本作"昔",阜阳汉简《周易》作"■",本字亦当作"踖",义为敬慎。泰卦六四爻辞"不戒,以孚"之"戒"字通"革",当训为改、除去。"不戒,以孚"即"不革,以孚",也就是"不改,以孚"。     

中医师临床实践参阅文献状况的访谈分析

了解中医师临床实践中参考文献种类、价值,为提出中医学临床研究方法提供依据.中医医师面对临床问题主要靠回想"经方"和"经典理论";中医临床实践中参考的文献重要程度排位:经典古书>医案>名老中医经验集>文献综述>现代中医研究文献;文献系统评价工作在中医临床实践中迫切需要.     

Inhibiting Facial Expressions: Limitations to the Voluntary Control of Facial Expressions of Emotion

Recently, A. J. Fridlund (e.g., 1994) and others suggested that facial expressions of emotion are not linked to emotion and can be completely accounted for by social motivation. To clarify the influence of social motivation on the production of facial displays, we created an explicit motivation by using facial inhibition instructions. While facial electromyographic activity was recorded at three sites, participants saw humorous video stimuli in two conditions (inhibition, spontaneous) and neutral stimuli in a spontaneous condition. Participants showed significantly more EMG activity in the cheek region and less EMG activity in the brow region when they tried to completely inhibit amused expressions as compared with the neutral control task. Our results suggest that explicit motivation in the sense of voluntary control is not sufficient to mask the effects of spontaneous facial activation linked to humorous stimuli.     

郑玄“以易笺诗”考论

在中国《诗经》学史上,郑玄的《毛诗传笺》久负盛名。尤其是他利用由古代礼义与礼例对《诗》作了制度化的研究,一直被认为是孔子以来说《诗》的重要发展。然而,作为郑玄《诗》学中不可或缺的重要组成部分学的"以易笺诗",却常为世人所忽略。本文通过对《郑笺》与《易注》的梳理与论证,指出郑玄以《周易》卦爻象与《易传》笺《诗》,虽然大多是片断的,不连贯的,有的甚至是随文引申有感而发,但是他借助《周易》话语,运用当时的社会观念和理论表述自己对《诗》的理解,丰富和深化了《诗》学的"比兴"手法、"天命"观念与讽喻功能,为我们展示了汉代《诗》学研究的新思路和新动向。     

帛书《衷》篇新释八则

帛书《衷》篇"天地相率,气味相取,阴阳流形,刚柔成[卦]"言八卦、六十四卦的形成;"用六贛也,用九盈也"言《坤》卦空虚之象,《乾》卦实满之象;"盈而刚,故《易》曰‘直方大,不习,吉’也。因‘不习’而备,故《易》曰‘见群龙无首,吉’也",其中《坤》六二爻辞乃言龙之象;"《无孟》之卦有罪?死,无功而赏",?""当为"不"之误,"有罪不死,无功而赏",才符合《无妄》卦无所期望而有得之义;"武之义保功而恒死,文之义保安而恒穷"之"恒"字,当读为"极",极至之义;"‘见龙在田’也者,德也","德"当训为升闻;"‘夕沂若,厉,无咎’,息也","沂"当训为终止休息之义;"‘飞龙[在天]’,□而上也",缺字可补为"亲"。     

Interpretations of sex differences in work centrality among kibbutz members

Six intervening clusters of variables are identified as explanations for the recurrent finding that work is a less central domain in the life of kibbutz women as compared to men: (a) education; (b) being part-time workers; (c) family-work conflict; (d) frustration from having degrading jobs; (e) socialization and social influences; and (f) natural dispositions expressed in a biogrammar that emphasizes other domains of life. Since the first three variables are not sex differentiated in the Israeli kibbutz, and data are not available for a good test of the fourth, the kibbutz setting is used to test the validity of the remaining two. Data for five male-female age groups from three kibbutz studies are reanalyzed in order to compare cross-age sex differences in reactions toward work and life, and sex differences in the statistical relationship between variables of the work domain and variables of well-being. A widening sex difference, with age, in the relation between work and well-being would seem to indicate support for explanation e, while a decrease in sex differences would indicate support for explanation f. The results seem to support explanation e. Alternative interpretations of the results are discussed.