Therapist authenticity in group and individual psychotherapy with college students

Summary The importance of humanistic qualities of the therapist as a crucial factor in counseling has been explored. Rogers had discussed the necessity for congruence between the counselor's techniques and his own personality. Counseling is far more than a skillful administration of techniques. It has been suggested that the counselor's honest emotional expression, and his ability to explore his own feelings of despair, joy, anger, anxiety, may well be the crux of successful group and individual encounters. As Truax (1968) has pointed out, the humanistic qualities of empathy, warmth and genuineness may span across all therapeutic approaches, psychoanalytic, client centered, behavioristic, eclectic, and therefore consciously or unconsciously be the primary determinant of therapeutic success or failure. The psychotherapy experiences described here suggest that maximum benefit from the psychotherapeutic experience, both for the student and the counselor, accrues when the counselor is open in expressing his feelings and not just encouraging the student's expressions of feeling.Read at the annual meeting of the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama, April 25, 1969.     

Otto Rank's art

Abstract

Otto Rank's work has had an indirect influence on much of existential‐humanistic psychology, yet his contribution has been unevenly acknowledged. Seeing Rank as a developing artist helps to put his creative contributions to psychoanalysis, post‐psychoanalytic critique, and existential‐humanistic psychotherapy, in perspective. After his separation from Freud, Rank's innovative thought blossomed; his later works have deep and lingering humanistic import. A look at convergences and divergences between Freud and Rank shows that Rank's art (of living, of theorizing, and of practicing therapy) is an uncannily familiar and inspiring model of humanistic practice in the world. The continuing relevance of Rank's ideas about art and artists is explored, and Rank is re‐introduced to humanistic psychologists who may recognize aspects of his work as consonant with their own.     

The Art of Living in Otto Rank’s Will Therapy

Otto Rank's approach to psychotherapy, developed after his separation from Freud, encourages living life fully in spite of death and limitation. In his emphasis on the here and now, new experience in the therapeutic relationship, and collaboration and creativity in the therapy process, Rank was ahead of his time. As a theorist of personality and of creativity, his work is well known, but his influence on the practices of humanistic, existential, and post-psychoanalytic relational therapists is largely unacknowledged. Rank's creative legacy is an approach to psychotherapy that calls forth artistry and collaboration between therapist and client.     

Humanistic Psychology at York University: Retrospective: Focus on Clients' Experiencing in Psychotherapy: Emphasis of Radical Reflexivity

A retrospective is given of the contributions by York University psychologists to humanistic psychology as it is expressed in the theory, research and practice of humanistic psychotherapies. These contributions are contextualized in the history and mission of the University. Attention is then turned to the author's qualitative research on the client's experiencing in psychotherapy and the main understanding coming from it, namely that clients are aware of their self-awareness and are agential in terms of this capacity, called radical reflexivity. Implications of radical reflexivity for client-centered/experiential therapists' reduction of the person to an organism and for the psychotherapy practice and research are derived.     

E. Joseph Shoben,Jr.: Synthesizer in an Age of Specialization

E. Joseph Shoben, Jr., a pioneer in the development of counseling, was interviewed about his intellectual and career development, his views of the present and future of counseling, his ideas about several issues in psychotherapy, and his reflections about himself and his career. In addition, several others who know Shoben were interviewed about him.     

The Past,Present, and Future of Student Affairs: A Professional Profile of Theodore K. Miller

Theodore K. Miller began his career in 1957 as the counselor for men at the University of Florida and then worked as a counseling psychologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo starting in 1962. He left there 5 years later to start a student personnel program at The University of Georgia. During his 30 years at Georgia, Miller established a nationally recognized graduate professional preparation program and became one of the most prominent figures in the field of college student development. This profile focuses on the professional influences in his life and on his role in developing quality assurance measures for counseling and human development programs and for student affairs functional areas.     

Carl Rogers's Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth

This article summarizes the life and work of America's most influential counselor and psychotherapist, Carl Rogers. He developed the client‐centered, person‐centered approach; popularized the term client; pioneered the recording of counseling cases; conducted landmark research on counseling and psychotherapy; and was a leader in the humanistic psychology movement, and more. Later, he applied the person‐centered approach to resolving intergroup and international conflict. Work on the client‐centered approach continues, and current research validates many of Rogers's earlier contributions.     

Morris B. Parloff (1918-2011)

Morris B. Parloff was considered an elder statesman in the field of psychotherapy research, and his wisdom and stewardship were of enormous benefit to several generations of psychotherapy researchers. Parloff received his bachelor's degree from Western Reserve University (1940), a degree in psychiatric social work from the University of Chicago (1942), and a doctorate in psychology from Western Reserve University (1953). Parloff spent most of his career (from 1953 until his retirement in 1983) as a researcher and administrator at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). He was also on the senior faculty of the Washington School of Psychiatry, taught or consulted at a number of universities, and maintained a private practice of psychotherapy. In the NIMH intramural program, Parloff was chief of the Section on Personality in the Laboratory of Psychology. There he conducted a major longitudinal study on the personality characteristics of adolescent and adult scientists. In the NIMH extramural program, he served as chief of the Psychotherapy and Behavioral Intervention Section in the Clinical Research Branch (1972-1980), after which he became chief of the new Psychosocial Treatments Research Branch. Throughout his career, from his pioneering teaching and research on group psychotherapy through his 30 years at NIMH, Parloff provided researchers and practitioners with a broad understanding of the field of psychotherapy research, the complexity of its subject matter, and its relationship to the "real world." Often ahead of others in the field, Parloff dealt with many topics that retain their importance today, including the need to carefully define criteria for improvement in psychotherapy, the transmission of values in psychotherapy, the concepts of the placebo and of common factors in psychotherapy research, and the role of the patient-therapist relationship (in both individual and group therapy) and its impact on the outcome of therapy. Starting with a 1979 article in the American Psychologist ("Can Psychotherapy Research Guide the Policymaker? Vol. 34, pp. 296-306), Parloff wrote extensively about the relationship among practitioners, psychotherapy researchers, and policymakers. To promote the systematic use of clinical trials and address methodological issues in the field, Parloff obtained support to fund the first NIMH multisite collaborative outcome study in the field of psychotherapy. He and the first author (I. E.) then designed and launched the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. This study would serve as a model for future collaborative research by independent investigators. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Buber's interpersonal theory as a hermeneutic

Martin Buber is remembered as a philosopher, existentialist, Zionist, and Jewish theologian. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that his theory of interpersonal relations forms a useful tool for categorizing some of the theoretical perspectives and therapeutic techniques within psychiatry. It is neither the intention nor purpose of the authors to judge the relative merits of competing modalities of treatment but to clarify their therapeutic mechanisms in such a way as to identify their purposes more precisely. Additionally, the authors wish to categorize the various schools of psychotherapy and their subdivisions according to the realm in which they are operative. Finally, they hope to demonstrate that Buber's system can be modified or elaborated upon by this connection with some of these approaches to personality theory.T.L. Brink, Ph.D., did his graduate work at the University of Chicago. He taught psychotherapy at Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores del Occidente in Guadalajara, Mexico. Currently he has a private practice in geriatric counseling in the San Francisco Bay area. He serves as a consultant for Midpeninsula Health Services and San Mateo County Mental Health and is on the faculty at College of Notre Dame and Palo Alto School of Professional Psychology.Connie Janakes leads a dream therapy group for the aged at Little House in Menlo Park, and counsels alcoholics at WRA in San Mateo, California.     

Humanistic psychotherapy assumptions and christian counseling

This article examines eight assertions about the nature of humanistic psychotherapy which may be congenial with certain broad assertions or emphases of the Christian tradition (and, thus, Christian counseling). The humanistic assertions are that the focus of psychotherapy should be on the client's immediate experiencing which provides trustworthy self-knowledge, that freedom is real, that the proper therapist role is that of facilitator, that new ways of client thinking and acting are to be encouraged, that the body must receive therapeutic attention, and that honest mutual communication is critical. Christian emphases for which these are relevant include Old and New Testament understandings of the inner experience of God, the ongoing creative activity of God, individual responsibility before God, the unity of the individual, and how healing takes place.Past President of the American Psychological Association's Division of Humanistic Psychology. Except for minor revisions, this article was originally presented at the International Congress on Christian Counseling in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1988. Appreciation for help in its preparation goes to G. Clarke Chapman, Quentin L. Hand, Richard Kahoe, Mary Jo Meadow, Edward P. Shafranske, Orlo Strunk, and Beverly J. Tisdale.     

A survey of recent publications in pastoral psychological fields

The author calls attention to a number of recent publications to assist pastors in selecting titles which will prove most helpful to them. He discusses books of general interest on religion and ministry, books on counseling and psychotherapy, books on psychology and personality, and books in theology, ethics and philosophy.Dr. Hunter is Associate Professor of Pastoral Theology at Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and serves as Book Review Editor ofPastoral Psychology.     

The public's perception of psychotherapy and counseling: Differential views on the effectiveness of psychologists,psychiatrists, and other providers

This study examined the public's perceptions relative to the effectiveness of psychotherapy and counseling, expectations of treatment efficacy for different psychotherapy and counseling providers (i.e., clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, counselors, general medical practitioners, marital and family therapists, psychiatrists, self-help groups, and social workers), professional characteristics, and factors that may influence treatment utilization in an adult population. The sample viewed psychotherapy or counseling as moderately effective and perceived psychotherapy/counseling to be effective for 26 to 50 percent of all cases. The perceived amount of time necessary for noticeable improvement in psychotherapy or counseling was approximately four months, and the expected necessary length of treatment was approximately eight months. Participants stated they were moderately willing to seek psychotherapy or counseling if they were to experience a mental problem, and reported discernible differences among the eight psychotherapy/counseling providers in terms of treatment efficacy. Differences were also found in the relative perception of providers' personal/professional qualities and characteristics.     

Therapists' judgments of mentally healthy beliefs for women and men

Clinical and counseling literature indicates that practicing psychologists often observe different mental health standards for women and men. Most of this research has examined mental health in terms of personality attributes, and as such there is a noticeable lack of research concerned with mentally healthybeliefs. The present research was concerned with the investigation of a possible gender bias in therapists' mental health standards, defined in terms of personal beliefs. For this purpose, the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT; Jones, 1969) was completed three different times by a group of licensed psychologists in private practice, measuring their beliefs of how (1) a mentally healthy sex-unspecified adult, (2) a mentally healthy male adult, and (3) a mentally healthy female adult would respond to the IBT. The results indicated that both women and men therapists associated unique beliefs with women's and men's mental health.The late Dr. Frank B. Lambert studied the philosophical foundations of psychotherapy theory and was concerned about value issues in the practice of psychotherapy. He was pursuing his Ph.D. in counseling psychology at the time of his untimely death.Portions of these data were presented at the 1985 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, California. Graditude is extended to Lucia Gilbert and Mark R. Leary for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article.     

JERRY FORD

Jerry (Jerome) Ford, Director of the Institute of Family Counseling at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, died Wednesday, September 5th at the age of 41. Mr. Ford spent his entire professional career teaching, guiding and counseling inner city youth and their families, and training others to do the same. He graduated from the University of Maryland and earned a master's degree in guidance and counseling from Temple University. Mr. Ford joined the Clinic in 1969 while serving as a guidance counselor at Bok Technical High School, Philadelphia. He had earlier been a teacher in the public school system. Mr. Ford was a member of the Family Institute of Philadelphia, Family Service of Philadelphia, the Women's Christian Alliance and the Crime Prevention Association. He is survived by his wife, Clarice Bailey Ford, a son and a daughter.     

Ego,moral, and faith development in near-death experiencers: Three case studies

Near-death experiencers (NDErs) commonly report shifts in basic values and attitudes, toward intensified compassion and a sense of unconditional love, sprituality, and a sense of mission, and away from materialism and competitiveness. Some researchers have suggested that these attitudinal shifts represent a new stage in human evolution, which will produce major social change. However, knowledge of these reputed NDE aftereffects has been based on NDErs' subjective reports, unverified by objective measures. This study examined relationships between three NDErs' levels of moral, ego, and faith development, as measured by standardized instruments, and extensive qualitative data describing their NDEs and personal attributes. The results suggest that currently available instruments, designed to measure the lower self, may not reflect the awakening to a transpersonal plane of functioning that follows an NDE.Dr. Newsome is in the private practice of psychotherapy and counseling. This paper was derived in part from her Ph.D. thesis submitted to Walden University.     

Tao Psychotherapy: Introducing a New Approach to Humanistic Practice 1

This article introduces a relatively new and unknown approach to humanistic psychotherapy, called Tao Psychotherapy that was founded by a Korean psychiatrist, Dr. Rhee Dongshick, in 1974. Today, Tao psychotherapy is a synthesis of Eastern and Western psychotherapies seeking to integrate psychoanalytic, existential, humanistic, and transpersonal, and Eastern perspectives in a single coherent approach. The article opens with a brief overview of the Tao and Taoism. A sample of writings attributed to Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu is presented as a prelude to a discussion of the meaning of the Tao itself. Following this, the author, a daseinsanalytic psychotherapist who has been studying Tao psychotherapy in South Korea for over two years, presents an overview of this approach, introducing Rhee Dongshick and the Korean Academy of Psychotherapists as well as the distinctive character of this new approach to humanistic practice. The article closes with a reflection on the ancient allegory of the ox herder, as seen in the famous ten ox herder pictures, discussing it from Taoist and Heideggerian perspectives, especially as it is relevant to the process of psychotherapy. Throughout the article the author reflects on the cultural sources of Tao psychotherapy and on the implications of the approach for humanistically attuned, depth psychological thought and practice.     

A Phonological Existential Analysis to the Book of Job

This current article “A Phonological Existential Analysis to the Book of Job” explores the various ways that Job’s friends attempted to help him deal with his grief. Dr. Johnson is able to identify the various stages of grief that Job goes through and correlate each stage and the response from the friends in current psychological terms. It becomes clear that various practices of modern psychotherapy can be seen in each response from Job’s friends. It is reasonable to conclude that the responses from Job’s friends were part of the therapeutic process that moved Job to a state of rationality and wholeness. While the article approaches the Book of Job from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, it does not distract for the spiritual teachings found in the document. Fred Johnson is licensed as a counseling psychologist and is certified as a school psychologist. Dr. Johnson has worked many over 15 years as a private practicing family therapist and behavior specialist. Dr. Johnson completed his doctorate in counseling psychologist at the University of Louisville and attended Southern Baptist Theological Seminary obtaining a degree in pastoral psychology. He currently owns Educational Resource Services, a company that is dedicated to providing seminars in classroom behavior management throughout the United States and Canada. Dr. Johnson has published two books, Effective Discipline for the Difficult Child and From Chaos to Control: Managing Disruptive Classroom Behavior. He has also published several research studies, including ones dealing with the role of the ministers and a pastoral approach to divorce.     

Reflections on Bill Kell: The Legend and His Legacy

Bill Kell influenced many contemporary counseling psychologists through his work as author and as director of training at the Michigan State University Counseling Center from 1957 until his death in 1973. This article describes the legend and legacy of Bill Kell, by using excerpts from six oral histories collected from former trainees, colleagues, and family members.     

Theoretical foundations of analytical psychology: recent developments and controversies

This article gives an introductory overview of the papers in this volume originally given at the Joint Conference of the IAAP and the University of Basel, Basel, October 18‐20, 2018. The aim of the conference was to bring core concepts of analytical psychology together with theorizing and research from academic sciences, at the very place where Jung started his academic career, the University of Basel. The conference focussed on three fields: the relationship of consciousness and the unconscious and the theory of complexes; the theory of archetypes; and the status of analytical psychotherapy in contemporary psychotherapy research. The aim of the conference was to further the development of theory in analytical psychology in relation to results and insights in contiguous areas of knowledge. In the first area, contributors pointed to the solid evidence especially from the neurosciences for the psychodynamic conceptualizations of the unconscious, and also for the concept of complexes. In contrast to this, the concept of archetypes is controversial, with a majority of contributors questioning Jung’s biological conceptualizations of archetypes, and speaking instead for reformulations from the perspective of cultural theory, dynamic systems theory and other approaches. In the field of psychotherapy research, contributors pointed to the profound need for conducting more empirical studies on the outcome of Jungian psychotherapy, but also for a thorough reconsideration of standard research designs in the field.     

浅谈我国心理咨询师健康发展之要素

心理咨询与心理治疗效果的关键在于心理咨询与心理治疗师自身的特质,而非理论技巧。因此,心理咨询与心理治疗师在心理咨询与治疗的过程中,会非常直接、深刻和迅速地影响当事人的生活。通过对我国心理咨询师健康发展之要素的探讨,提出心理咨询师的培养应逐步走向正规专业教育和训练途径;同时关注心理咨询师自己的个人成长,健全督导制度是预防心理咨询师的职业耗竭,也是我国心理咨询业健康发展的根本保障。