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1.
Resumen

En este trabajo se hace una revisión bibliométrica entre los años 1964–1986 de las técnicas de potencial de aprendizaje. Se considera 1964 como punto de partida del desarrollo y de la investigación sobre estas técnicas y, en el peréodo señalado, se revisan contenidos temáticos, equipos de investigación y revistas que representan la mayor cantidad de trabajos producidos sobre esta metodología de evaluación de habilidades cognitivas.  相似文献   

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Resumen

La literatura científica y la propia experiencia clínica nos muestra que las tánicas terapéuticas d la terapia d conducta son bastante eficaces. Sin embargo, esta eficacia no es cercana al 100%. ¿Por qué? Por otra parte, se puede constatar que una misma técnica es eficaz muchas veces en el tratamiento de diferentes trastornos, y al contrario, varias técnicas, diferentes entre sí, se revelan óptimas para el tratamiento del mismo trastorno. Sin embargo, todo ello no es constante a lo largo de diferentes casos. Este trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre todos estos aspectos y ofrecer algunas explicaciones del por qué de este estado de la cuestión. Posibles vías de investigación se sugieren a lo largo del artículo.  相似文献   

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RESUMEN

El presente trabajo desea contribuir en alguna medida a un mejor conocimiento de los factores o mecanismos a los que verdaderamente debe su éxito la técnica «paquete» de Azrin y Nunn denominada «inversión del hábito», diseñada para modificar la conducta de onicofagia. Trata de dar una respuesta empírica a la pregunta de hasta qué punto la relación interpersonal que se establece entre el terapeuta y el cliente—elemento accidental en esta técnica—influye en los resultados. Han participado en la experiencia como sujetos 36 mujeres con un arraigo del hábito superior a un año, divididas en tres grupos: a) Grupo 1, al que se ha administrado la técnica de inversión del hábito; b) Grupo 2, al que se ha aplicado la misma técnica pero con interacciones terapeuta-cliente complementarias; y c) Grupo 2, de control. Los resultados corroboran la elevada eficacia de la técnica encontrada por otros autores pero sugieren, además, que aunque un mayor número de interacciones entre el terapeuta y el cliente parece tener escasa influencia a corto plazo, puede ser un factor decisivo en la consolidación de los resultados obtenidos y para evitar recaídas en el futuro.  相似文献   

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Resumen

Dos cuestiones parecen ser las que requieren mayor investigación actualmente en el contexto de las técnicas de potencial de aprendizaje: los efectos diferenciales, en distintos tipos de sujetos, del entrenamiento suministrado y la posibilidad de generalización del entrenamiento en el tiempo y a otras tareas.

Se presentan una serie de investigaciones llevadas a cabo con el objeto de analizar estas cuestiones en sujetos de 10 a 15 años con distintos niveles intelectuales; todas ellas se han centrado en la técnica EPA: evaluación del potencial de aprendizaje, que utiliza material tipo Raven en sus entrenamientos.

Los resultados muestran la especificidad del entrenamiento suministrado aunque aparecen diferencias significativas en la generalización entre sujetos con y sin alteraciones orgánicas.  相似文献   

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RESUMEN

En este trabajo se delinean los modelos teóricos, así como algunos de los procedimientos empíricos que permitirán un enfoque científico-profesional en el amplio cúmulo de tareas que suele absorber y ocupar al psicólogo del trabajo. Todo ello centrándose en un criterio clave, tanto en la órbita pública como privada, y que desde sus inciertos orígenes ha guiado los esfuerzos, observaciones y constataciones de los psicólogos diferenciales: el rendimiento a través de los logros. En otros contextos se alude a este criterio, como si de una novedad psicológica se tratara, con un término tan rebuscado como sugestivo: “validez ecológica”.  相似文献   

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Resumen

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio meta-analítico sobre los efectos de los programas de autocontrol en problemas clínicos y de salud. Se localizaron un total de 21 estudios primarios independientes realizados en España durante el periodo 1980–1997 que cumplían con los criterios de selección. El índice del tamaño del efecto elegido para resumir los resultados de los estudios fue la diferencia media tipificada, alcanzando una media de d+ = 1.653. Los resultados revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativ as entre la aplicación de las técnicas de autocontrol y la combinación de éstas con otros procedimientos, destacando las intervenciones en las que sólo se aplicaban estrategias de autocontrol. Se analizó la influencia de otras variables moderadoras de los resultados, tales como edad, género, tipo de problema, calidad del diseño, etc. Finalmente se discuten las implicaciones clínicas y teóricas de los resultados.  相似文献   

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《Psychologie Fran?aise》2019,64(4):343-360
The reliability of models with latent variables is questioned by different authors: what is the ontology of mental properties? How to integrate the complex of mental processes with latent variables? All these debates raise the question of the legitimacy of latent variables as methodological approach comparatively to new approaches such as Network analysis. By clearly posing the ontological nature of mental properties as emergent properties of mental processes, and by clearly posing a theory of pragmatist and realistic knowledge, our work seeks to show that latent variables are efficient approaches for inferring mental properties.  相似文献   

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《Psychologie Fran?aise》2022,67(2):155-166
The aim of the present study was to evaluate some psychometric properties of the French-Canadian version of the Older Adult Self-Report (Achenbach et al., 2004), a self-reported measure of emotional, behavioral and interpersonal difficulties intended for people aged 60 years and older. This study examines some psychometric properties of the OASR, in terms of reliability (internal consistency) of the seven syndrome scales, and construct validity (structural, convergent and criterion validity). The instrument was completed by 321 older adults aged 60 years and older (M = 68.36; SD = 5.82) who were participating at the Université du troisième âge activities, which were taking place in two cities of the province of Quebec, Canada. Polychoric alpha coefficients varied between 0,72 and 0,93 and indicated a good internal consistency for the syndrome scales. Convergent validity was measured by multiple linear regression using life satisfaction as a dependent variable. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the seven-factor structure proposed in the original version of the instrument (CFI = .916, TLI = .914, RMSEA = .022 [.019, .025]). Results showed a good convergent validity, with 37.5% of variance explained by the problem scales. Overall, the results indicated that psychometric properties of the OASR meet expected standards for professional use of the French-Canadian version of the instrument.  相似文献   

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《Psychologie Fran?aise》2023,68(2):169-189
IntroductionCognitive distortions contribute to the maintenance of inappropriate cognitive schemas and play a role in the emergence of pathologies such as anxiety and depression. We developed the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults in order to identify distortions in individuals’ reasoning. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to study the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults, (2) to identify cognitive distortions associated with anxiety and depression in the general population.MethodThe study involved 916 participants (151 men and 765 women) aged 18 to 85-years. The participants completed the Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults. The tool presents 42 mini scenarios with a daily life situation and a proposition concerning a cognitive distortion. Participants must give their degree of agreement (0 to 10) with this one. Seven cognitive distortions are operationalized (dichotomous reasoning, disqualification of one of the poles, arbitrary focusing, omission of the neutral, requalification in the other pole, maximization and minimization). They also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Both scales were available online on the Internet. The total duration of the test was approximately 10 minutes. A group of 35 participants completed the two scale 15 days apart.ResultsThe sub-dimensions of EDC-A obtain Cronbach alphas higher than .65 and EDC-A has a coherent factor structure. The scale has good temporal stability. Anxiety is predicted by dichotomous reasoning, disqualification of one of the poles, arbitrary focusing and maximization. Depression is predicted by dichotomous reasoning, arbitrary focusing, omission of the neutral and requalification in the other pole. Anxiety and depression are associated with negative cognitive distortions in reasoning. However, depression is also associated with positive cognitive distortions. Subjects with depression produce more varied cognitive distortions than subjects with anxiety.DiscussionThe Cognitive Distortion Scale for Adults shows promising psychometric properties. Further studies will need to be conducted to confirm these results. Anxiety would be related to biased information treatment of negative information, whereas depression would be related to more comprehensive biased information treatment, both negative and positive information. Anxiety would be related to suboptimal functioning of reasoning abilities; depression would be more characterized by a structural deficit of reasoning abilities.  相似文献   

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In order to examine the reasons of the choice and the effectiveness of the strategies of conciliation related to the adaptation of working time, we present two empirical studies which investigate the relationships between the level of maternal separation anxiety and the choice of the duration of the schedules of work. The first study was conducted among two groups of working mothers, one of 41 mothers working at full-time, the other of 33 mothers having chosen to work part-time. The second study relates to 45 employees of mass marketing having the possibility of choosing nonstandard work schedules (early the morning, late the evening) or in day. The results confirm that, on a psychological level, the question of worked time is crucial for the active mothers. They illustrate how the new constraints related to the changes of the world of work (flexibility and precariousness) can be sometimes undergone by the women, sometimes appropriated by them in order to reconcile work and their family role.  相似文献   

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Age-related impairment in executive functioning has been found to explain partially the decrease of cognitive performance with aging. However, the practice of an executive test can improve performance to this test. In the present study, we investigated first how the practice of the Trail Making Test (TMT, flexibility test) may influence the age-related deficit to the performance in this test and then how the performance tended to improve, and at which pace, through the practice of this executive test. Two age groups of participants (young and older adults) practiced the TMT and were compared to two control groups (i.e., no practice between pre- and post-test). The practice groups’ scores were obtained at the end of each session. Globally, the results showed an improvement of performance (1) greater in the practice groups than in the control groups and (2) in practice groups, greater in older adults than in younger ones. Both younger and older adults progressed during the early practice sessions but the younger ones reached their optimal level earlier than the older adults who continued to improve over the sessions. These results could have a major impact on adapting cognitive stimulation programs to individual's characteristics such as age.  相似文献   

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The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 (PedsQL™ 4.0) is an instrument with an international application designed to measure children's health-related quality of life in four dimensions. The original generic version of this instrument has been translated and linguistically validated in French by Mapi Research Institute. This article presents the psychometric properties of the French generic instrument. The questionnaire was completed twice by 185 children, aged 6–13 years, in their classroom, during a lively session run by their schoolteacher. Their parents completed the questionnaire at home on the same days. The statistical analyses showed few missing data (< 2%), no floor effect and minimum to moderate ceiling effects (ranging from 3.4 to 38.3%), acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than 0.60), moderate to good reproducibility according to dimensions (with intraclass correlation coefficients from 0.50 to 0.66), lower “emotional functioning” score in girls than boys and an acceptable, unstable but better child/parent agreement at the second point. The psychometric properties of the French version of the PedsQL™ 4.0 appear to be acceptable after a critical analysis of all psychometric properties. The use of PedsQL™ 4.0 in the school system underlines the particular conditions of filling-in: self-administration in class with the supervision and help of the schoolteacher. The limit of this study necessitates further work in the French general population to determine reference values.  相似文献   

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