JOB SATISFACTION AS A COMPONENT OF HAPPINESS AMONG MALES AND FEMALES

Using a sample made up of four independently drawn U. S. national surveys, partial correlation was conducted separately by occupational categories for white male ( n = 1,161) and female ( n = 491) full-time employees to estimate the relationship between job satisfaction and global happiness when the effects of satisfaction experienced in seven other domains of life and age, education, income, and occupational prestige were removed. For most occupations and both sex groups few of the job satisfaction-global happiness partial correlations were significant, thus extending previous evidence that job satisfaction may not be uniquely important to the overall happiness of most employees.     

SELF-INTEREST,CREDIBILITY, AND MESSAGE SELECTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: A RESEARCH NOTE

This paper reports the findings of a recent survey to determine the effectiveness of efforts by the Library of Congress to communicate with its employees about the Library's Affirmative Action program. Results indicated relatively low levels of employee information about the program. While the perceived credibility of the source was positively correlated with the amount of information absorbed, perceived self-interest in the Affirmative Action program was not.     

DIFFUSION OF POWER-RELATED DATA IN COMMUNICATION: A RESEARCH NOTE

Statistical power is viewed as an innovation, and its development within the communication discipline is examined. The results of three statistical power analyses are reported, and a comparison of the resultant power estimates is conducted. Using the medium population effect as a baseline, the average statistical power exhibited in communication research has increased. Although it is too early to identify statistical power analysis as the primary antecedent, these surveys have certainly performed a knowledge function in the diffusion of power-related data.     

STALIN AND MARXISM: A RESEARCH NOTE

This article concerns the research done by the author in Stalin's private library. The notes made in the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin suggest that until the end of his life Stalin felt himself in general agreement with these "classics." The choice of books and the notes support the thesis that, despite his historical interest and his identification with some of the tsars as powerful rulers, Stalin always continued to consider himself a Marxist, and that he was uninterested in other systems of thought, including those of traditional Russia.     

PREDICTORS OF EMPATHIC ABILITY IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING: A RESEARCH NOTE

This study examined the relationships between selected context variables and empathic ability. The specific purpose was to determine the relative strengths of association between intimacy, status difference, trust, and empathic ability. A correlational analysis was applied to the data collected from 29 pairs of supervisors and subordinates in a Denver financial organization. Results indicated that trust was the context variable most strongly associated with empathic ability. Intimacy and status difference were only slightly related to empathic ability. Discussion centered on the implications of the inverse relationship between trust and empathic ability.     

LOCUS OF CONTROL IN INTELLECTUAL SITUATIONS IN AMERICAN AND CHINESE SCHOOL CHILDREN

The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility (IAR) Questionnaire, developed by Crandall et al., was administered to 720 children, 360 from the United States and 360 from Taiwan. The subjects were equally distributed in the sixth and eighth grades, and also by sex. A 2 × 2 × 2 (culture, grade, sex) analysis of variance was performed separately on scores of the subscale of success experiences (I +) and subscale of failure experiences (I -). The results showed that: (a) American children obtained significantly higher I + but lower I - scores than Chinese children. (b) Sixth graders obtained significantly higher scores on both I + and I - subscales than eighth graders. (c) Boys scored significantly higher than girls on I +, but sex differences in I - were not significant. It was also found that American children were more internal in success than in failure situations, while the reverse was true for Chinese children.     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION: A RESEARCH NOTE

Research is reported indicating significant relationships between communication apprehension and 18 of 21 personality variables studied. High communication apprehension was found to be associated with a wide range of socially maladaptive personality characteristics.     

LANGUAGE INTENSITY AND RESISTANCE TO PERSUASION: A RESEARCH NOTE

Three hypotheses concerning the specific role of language intensity differentiation in both pretreatment and counterattitudinal messages were examined in two studies. The results indicate that low intensity pretreatments are more effective than either moderate or high intensity inoculations in conferring resistance to persuasion. The findings for refutational pretreatments were, therefore, not consistent with previous research. Future research in this area should be characterized by a greater degree of specificity concerning the possible effects of receiver expectations on subsequent attitude change.     

THE EFFECTS OF MESSAGE INTRODUCTION,MESSAGE STRUCTURE,AND VERBAL ORGANIZING ABILITY UPON LEARNING OF MESSAGE INFORMATION

This study focused primarily upon Ausubel's advance organizer concept as a relatively abstract message introduction. Subsumption theory suggests that the advance organizer should be superior in learning effects to an introduction of message main points and that the advance organizer should interact with message structure and verbal organizing ability. This study found no overall advance organizer superiority to other introduction conditions. However, simple interactions, which were analyzed to interpret a significant three-way interaction on one of two dependent variables, provided qualified support for first-order interaction hypotheses. These hypotheses predicted that the superiority of an advance organizer to other introduction conditions would be greater for a low-structure message than for a high-structure message and greater for low-ability subjects than for high-ability subjects. They also included a prediction that the superiority of a high-structure message to a low-structure message would be greater for high-ability subjects than for low-ability subjects. Analysis of serial position effects indicated primacy in recall under high-structure message conditions.     

ANALYSIS OF THE MISSING PART IN PROBLEM SITUATIONS

The so-called Ring Problem was presented in writing to 127 students, of which half were given additional instructions to look for a missing instrumental part and try to replace it with the objects at hand. The added instructions increased the number of solutions within a 5-min. period. The results are taken to indicate the importance of determining the functional characteristics of the missing part in a practical problem situation.     

WOMEN'S APPRAISALS OF SEXUAL-ASSAULT RISK IN DATING SITUATIONS

This study investigated how 165 female college students appraised their sexual-assault risk in a hypothetical dating situation. A 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment investigating the effects of male-dating-partner characteristics, story character beverage consumption, and perspective on women's risk appraisals was conducted. Multivariate analyses of variance were performed to test hypotheses regarding the feelings of the dating woman and the occurrence of sexual behaviors. Although the dating woman was rated as feeling more vulnerable on dates when alcohol was consumed, alcohol consumption did not influence ratings regarding the dating man committing nonconsensual sexual acts. Nonconsensual sexual behaviors were rated as more probable when the man had rape-congruent characteristics and when the participants were judging another woman rather than themselves. These findings suggest that women are partially accurate in making sexual-assault risk appraisals and thus may benefit from rape prevention education that specifically targets their inaccuracies.     

EFFECTS OF UNANTICIPATED SELF-DISCLOSURE ON RECIPIENTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM: A RESEARCH NOTE

Assuming that another's self-disclosure can be rewarding, it was hypothesized that attraction for one who disclosed a relatively high amount of personal information would be greater than attraction for a low discloser when the disclosure was perceived as being appropriate. Also, it was hypothesized that persons of high self-esteem may be more attracted to a high discloser than persons of moderate or low self-esteem. An experiment examined the effects of a confederate's self-disclosure (high or low degree of personal content) on a recipient. Greater attraction was demonstrated toward the confederate in the low disclosure condition, and her behavior was perceived to be more appropriate in this condition. Persons who participated in each of the experimental conditions were divided into three self-esteem categories. Those with intermediate levels of self-esteem were found to be the most receptive to a disclosing other, followed by subjects of low, and finally high self-esteem.     

THE EFFICACY OF WOMEN'S RESISTANCE STRATEGIES IN RAPE SITUATIONS

The effectiveness of women's resistance strategies for reducing the severity of sexual abuse and physical injury during sexual assaults was analyzed in a variety of assault circumstances. Data were obtained from police reports and court testimonies of 274 women (96% White, 4% Black) who either were raped or avoided rape by subsequently incarcerated violent stranger rapists. Statistical analyses showed that particular resistance strategies were effective in specific situations. Women who fought back forcefully were more likely to avoid rape than women who did not fight back, regardles of whether a waepon was present. Forceful fighting resistance was related to increased physical injury when a weapon was present, but most physical injury was caused by nonlethal weapons. Women who screamed or fled when confronted with weapons experienced less severe sexual abuse. Increased physical injury was associated with pleading, crying, or reasoning indoors. Women who used drugs or alcohol experienced more severe sexual abuse and physical injury.     

EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ISOLATION ON JOB SATISFACTION OF BANK TELLERS: A RESEARCH NOTE

A multiple discriminant analysis was used to compare the job satisfaction of inside and outside bank tellers with respect to pay and promotion policies, supervision, nature of work, and co-workers. Significant differences between inside and outside tellers were found on these variables, with inside tellers expressing greater job satisfaction. It was concluded that isolation of employees from routine communication contacts with other personnel may be detrimental to employee morale.     

A TEST OF THE GROUP VALUES AND CONTROL MODELS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE FROM THE COMPETING PERSPECTIVES OF LABOR AND MANAGEMENT

A path model was developed to determine the predictive power of the group values (Lind & Tyler, 1988) and the self-interest/control (Thibaut & Walker, 1975) models in the justice judgments of three state impasse resolution procedures for teacher bargaining disputes. Surveys were returned by 90 school superintendents and 74 union presidents from districts that had used the procedures during the last contract negotiations. The group values variables of perceived neutrality of, and trust in, third parties were most predictive of procedural justice judgments. Process control was also predictive of procedural justice judgments, whereas decision control was not. Neither model was predictive of distributive justice judgments. Further, the path analysis clearly indicates the importance in this context of examining procedural and distributive justice from the competing perspectives of labor and management. Labor/management affiliation was strongly related to trust in third parties, perceptions of relative pay, and overall distributive justice judgments.