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1.
Sterckx S 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):81-92
This paper offers a few elements of an answer to the question to what extent drug patents can be morally justified. Justifications
based on natural rights, distributive justice and utilitarian arguments are discussed and criticized. The author recognizes
the potential of the patents to benefit society but argues that the system is currently evolving in the wrong direction, particularly
in the field of drugs. More than a third of the world’s population has no access to essential drugs. The working of the patent
system is an important determinant of access to drugs. This paper argues that drug patents are not easily justified and that
the ‘architecture’ of the patent system should be rethought in view of its mission of benefiting society.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004.
The author is a part-time Senior Research Fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research, Department of Philosophy and Moral Science,
Ghent University (Belgium) and a part-time Professor, Department of General Economics, University of Antwerp (Belgium). 相似文献
2.
Williams JR 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):7-12
Since its formation in 1947, the World Medical Association (WMA) has been a leading voice in international medical ethics.
The WMA’s principal ethics activity over the years has been policy development on a wide variety of issues in medical research,
medical practice and health care delivery. With the establishment of a dedicated Ethics Unit in 2003, the WMA’s ethics activities
have intensified in the areas of liaison, outreach and product development. Initial priorities for the Ethics Unit have been
the review of paragraph 30 of the Declaration of Helsinki, the expansion of the Ethics Unit section of the WMA website and
the development of an ethics manual for medical students everywhere.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
3.
Dr. Andrzej Kocikowski 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):201-210
Several context-specific social and political factors in Eastern and Central Europe are described — factors that must be considered
while developing strategies to introduce Computer Ethics. Poland is used as a primary example. GNP per capita, the cost of
hardware and software, uneven and scant distribution of computing resources, and attitudes toward work and authority are discussed.
Such “geographical factors” must be taken into account as the new field of Computer Ethics develops. 相似文献
4.
Global challenges as inspiration: A classroom strategy to foster social responsibility 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Social responsibility is at the heart of the Engineer’s Creed embodied in the pledge that we will “dedicate [our] professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of
human welfare...[placing] public welfare above all other considerations.” However, half century after the original creed was
written, we find ourselves in a world with great technological advances and great global-scale technologically-enabled peril.
These issues can be naturally integrated into the engineering curriculum in a way that enhances the development of the technological
skill set. We have found that these global challenges create a natural opportunity to foster social responsibility within
the engineering students whom we educate. In freshman through senior-level materials engineering courses, we used five guiding
principles to shape several different classroom activities and assignments. Upon testing an initial cohort of 28 students
had classroom experiences based on these five principles, we saw a shift in attitude: before the experience, 18% of the cohort
viewed engineers as playing an active role in solving global problems; after the experiences, 79% recognized the engineer’s
role in solving global-scale problems. In this paper, we present how global issues can be used to stimulate thinking for socially-responsible
engineering solutions. We set forth five guiding principles that can foster the mindset for socially responsible actions along
with examples of how these principles translate into classroom activities.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
5.
A team-taught interdisciplinary approach to engineering ethics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper outlines the development and implementation of a new course in Engineering Ethics at the University of Tennessee.
This is a three-semester-hour course and is jointly taught by an engineering professor and a philosophy professor.
While traditional pedagogical techniques such as case studies, position papers, and classroom discussions are used, additional
activities such as developing a code of ethics and student-developed scenarios are employed to encourage critical thinking.
Among the topics addressed in the course are engineering as a profession and its role in society; ethical successes and failures;
risk, safety, and the environment; professional responsibilities; credit and intellectual property; and international concerns.
The most significant aspect of the course is that it brings both engineering and non-engineering points of view to the topics
at hand. This is accomplished in two ways. First, as mentioned previously, it is team-taught by engineering faculty with an
interest in ethical and societal issues, and by philosophy faculty with expertise in the field of professional ethics and
an interest in science and technology. Second, the course is offered to both engineers and non-engineers. This mix of students
requires that all students must be able to explain their technical and ethical decisions in a non-technical manner. Work teams
are structured to maximize interdisciplinary interaction and to foster insights by each student into the professional commitments
and attitudes of others.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
6.
This paper elaborates on discussions in Germany regarding some of the ethical and legal issues in the area of the use and
patenting of inventions involving human tissue. The issues discussed pertain to the benefits and problems regarding informed
consent and the issue of property rights as they relate to the donation of cells and tissue.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
7.
Fleischmann ST 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):381-389
An honor code is certainly a good place to start teaching engineering students about ethics, but teaching students to live
honorably requires far more effort than memorizing a code of ethics statement or applying it just to academic performance.
In the School of Engineering at Grand Valley State University, we have followed the model provided by the United States Military
Academy at West Point. For our students this involves an introduction to the Honor Code as part of a larger Honor Concept
at the very beginning of their studies and then making it an integral part of their preparation as engineers. The challenge
is significant because the culture at large does not support living with an Honor Concept. This paper will begin with a discussion
of the cultural context in which we must teach, because that context has changed significantly in the years since many faculty
members were students themselves. The rest of the paper will detail the approach that we have taken to teach ethics as an
engineer’s way of life.
“The shortest and surest way to live with honor in the world is to be in reality what we would appear to be. All human virtues
increase and strengthen themselves by the practice and experience of them.”
Plato
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
8.
During the fall of 2001 (October 22–25), The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) and the Agricultural University
of Norway arranged a consensus conference on the protection of the environment against ionising radiation. The motive for
the conference was the need to study the ethical and philosophical basis for protection of nature in its own right. The conference
was funded by Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS), in cooperation with the International Union of Radioecology (IUR). The
National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) was hired as facilitators for the consensus process.
This paper will give a brief outline of the aims and method of the conference, distinguishing these from other kinds of consensus
conferences. The paper ends with some general reflections on the appropriateness of seeking consensus on ethics-related issues
among experts. 相似文献
9.
Quinn MJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):335-343
The author has surveyed a quarter of the accredited undergraduate computer science programs in the United States. More than
half of these programs offer a “social and ethical implications of computing” course taught by a computer science faculty
member, and there appears to be a trend toward teaching ethics classes within computer science departments. Although the decision
to create an “in house” computer ethics course may sometimes be a pragmatic response to pressure from the accreditation agency,
this paper argues that teaching ethics within a computer science department can provide students and faculty members with
numerous benefits. The paper lists topics that can be covered in a computer ethics course and offers some practical suggestions
for making the course successful.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
10.
Box JE 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):95-101
The UK Medical Research Council, in order to further its mission of maintaining and improving human health, supports a substantial
number of clinical trials on a wide variety of medical questions; some of these trials involve the use of placebos as controls
or to maintain blinding. Before providing support, proposed trials are carefully reviewed to assess scientific quality, and
to determine whether a placebo is required and is ethical — in addition to ethics review by independent Research Ethics Committees.
Some questions such as the choice of placebos in trials in developing countries, in surgical trials and those involving alternative
medicine require consideration of additional, specific issues. Involvement of consumers in MRC work has been increasing and
includes the establishment of a Consumer Liaison Group; members of this group comment on patient information leaflets for
clinical trials, helping to improve patient understanding of trials and ensuring topics like placebo use are explained clearly.
Views differ on the value of placebos in clinical care and on their mechanism of action; continuing research is helping to
clarify the issues.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
11.
Christopher Steck S. J. 《The Journal of religious ethics》2011,39(2):365-390
During the summer of 2006, over four hundred Catholic ethicists from around the world gathered for four days in Padua, Italy. About sixty of the conference papers have become available in two edited collections, Catholic Theological Ethics in the World Church: The Plenary Papers from the First Cross‐cultural Conference on Catholic Theological Ethics, and Applied Ethics in a World Church: The Padua Conference. As the conference was marked by a distinctive and creative tension—between the diversity which characterized the nationalities and cultural identities of the participants, on the one hand, and the commonness of their religious heritage, on the other—these essays can tell us much about contemporary Catholic ethics in its response to global pluralism. The following develops four reflections. First, the conference papers pursue a style of scholarship that is at once critically creative and ecclesially rooted. Second, the conference raises new concerns about the importance that Christian formation must have in a pluralist world. Third, the participants affirm and defend the ultimate universality of moral goods while also arguing that these goods are expressed and embodied in unavoidably particular ways. Finally, the most important contribution that Catholic ethics can make to public conversations about issues of common concern is through its articulation and defense of key human values. 相似文献
12.
Unger SH 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(3):423-430
Nine examples are presented illustrating the kinds of problems encountered in actual practice by conscientious engineers.
These cases are drawn fom the records of the IEEE Ethics Committee, and from the experience of the ethics help-line initiated
recently by the Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science. They range from situations in which companies try to cheat
one another to those in which human health and safety are jeopardized. In one case, an engineer learned that even a quiet
resignation can prove very costly in a personal sense. Some ways in which professional societies might make ethical practice
of engineering somewhat easier are mentioned.
An carlier, shorter version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Ethics in Engineering and Computer
Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, March 21–24, 1999, and can be accessed on line at http://onlineethics.org/cases/unger.html.
In all cases described in this paper, the names of individuals and organizations have been suppressed or fictionalized.
Professor Unger was Chairman of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Ethics Committee (1997–1998). 相似文献
13.
Wlasienko P 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):75-80
Due to the rapid advances in medical technology, medical students are now being faced with increasingly complex and unparalleled
ethical and practical dilemmas during their training. The new and future challenges of high-tech medicine demand improvements
in current medical education, not only by meeting the needs of students through humanized training programs, but also by involving
them in finding solutions to the ethical and legal quandaries they encounter.
Today’s students of medical universities must acquire knowledge and understanding of the ethical and legal issues relevant
to the practice of medicine, and we have to do everything possible to introduce these students to the current discussions
on more or less controversial ethical and legal topics. Although final answers may not be found, the very discussion, argumentation,
and awakening of students’ interest should become an essential part of the core curriculum of every doctor.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004.
The author is a student and member of the Senate Committee on Teaching. 相似文献
14.
Marsha Woodbury Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):203-212
The design of Web browsers has resulted in a transfer of power to Web users and developers who often lack an ethical framework
in which to act. For example, the technology makes it simple to copy and use other people’s Web page formatting without their
permission. The author argues that we need to educate more people about ethical Web practices, and the author asks for “rules
of the road” which amateurs and professionals can understand and follow. This article discusses four areas of concern about
Web development: the browser wars, information storage and retrieval, access for the handicapped, and cookies. For teachers,
there are suggestions on how to use browsers to help students learn about Web ethics.
“We are all idiots and we are going to make mistakes.” Scott Adams
An earlier version of this paper was presented by the author at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
15.
Lauren Bartlett P. Aarne Vesilind Professor P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):191-201
The complexity of chromium chemistry makes it an ideal example of how the Principle of Expediency, first articulated by sanitary
pioneer Earle Phelps, can be used in a standard setting. Expediency, defined by Phelps as “the attempt to reduce the numerical
measure of probable harm, or the logical measure of existing hazard, to the lowest level that is practicable and feasible
within the limitations of financial resources and engineering skill”, can take on negative connotations unless subject to
ethical guidance. In this paper we argue that without ethical principles as a rubric for negotiating environmental regulations,
communities run the risk of slipping from the Principle of Expediency as defined by Phelps to the alternative usage of expediency
meaning that which does not reflect ethical consideration or concern beyond self-serving interest. Three ethical ideals—justice,
mercy and humility—are suggested as values to be considered while resolving regulatory issues related to environmental protection.
The Principle of Expediency serves as a working principle, but not as a rigid algorithm, for setting regulatory limits for
environmental concentrations of waste products like chromium.
This paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree by Lauren Bartlett, Duke University,
1997.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
16.
Grodzinsky FS 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(2):221-234
In this age of information technology, it is morally imperative that equal access to information via computer systems be afforded
to people with disabilities. This paper addresses the problems that computer technology poses for students with disabilities
and discusses what is needed to ensure equity of access. particularly in a university environment.
A version of this paper was presented at ETHICOMP98, the Fourth International Conference on Ethical Issues of Information
Technology. March 25–27, 1998, Erasmus University, the Netherlands.
Frances S. Grodzinsky is a Professor of Computer Science and Information Technology. Her area of research is computer ethics. 相似文献
17.
Woodbury M 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(2):235-244
Business people repeatedly asked Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) to recommend a policy to deal with
email and voicemail. After many such requests to our organization, we attempted to construct guidelines that we could endorse.
This paper outlines the guidelines that we proposed and the public reaction to them. The paper discusses the tensions inherent
in a business environment, and the means of identifying ethical behavior for both companies and their employees.
A version of this paper was presented at ETHICOMP98, the Fourth International Conference on Ethical Issues of Information
Technology, March 25–27, 1998. Erasmus University, the Netherlands.
Dr. Woodbury is the former Chair of CPRS. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. She is also a curriculum developer
and faculty member of the Information Group of the Women’s International University (ifu) in Germany in 2000. 相似文献
18.
Billington DP 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):205-222
The goal of this paper is to stress the significance of ethics for engineering education and to illustrate how it can be brought
into the mainstream of higher education in a natural way that is integrated with the teaching objectives of enriching the
core meaning of engineering. Everyone will agree that the practicing engineer should be virtuous, should be a good colleague,
and should use professional understanding for the common good. But these injunctions to virtue do not reach closely enough
the ethic of the engineer as engineer, as someone acting in a uniquely engineering situation, and it is to such conditions
that I wish to speak through a set of specific examples from recent history. I shall briefly refer to four controversies between
engineers. Then, in some detail I shall narrate three historical cases that directly involve the actions of one engineer,
and finally I would like to address some common contemporary issues.
The first section, “Engineering Ethics and the History of Innovation” includes four cases involving professional controversy.
Each controversy sets two people against each other in disputes over who invented the telegraph, the radio, the automobile,
and the airplane. In each dispute, it is possible to identify ethical and unethical behavior or ambiguous ethical behavior
that serves as a basis for educational discussion. The first two historical cases described in “Crises and the Engineer” involve
the primary closure dam systems in the Netherlands, each one the result of the actions of one engineer. The third tells of
an American engineer who took his political boss, a big city mayor, to court over the illegal use of a watershed. The challenges
these engineers faced required, in the deepest sense, a commitment to ethical behavior that is unique to engineering and instructive
to our students. Finally, the cases in “Professors and Comparative Critical Analysis” illuminate the behavior of engineers
in the design of structures and also how professors can make public criticisms of designs that seem wasteful.
This paper was the keynote address at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
19.
Haws DR 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):365-372
The efficiency of engineering applied to civilian projects sometimes threatens to run away with the social agenda, but in military applications, engineering often adds a devastating sleekness to the inevitable destruction of life. The relative crudeness
of terrorism (e.g., 9/11) leaves a stark after-image, which belies the comparative insignificance of random (as opposed to orchestrated) belligerence.
Just as engineering dwarfs the bricolage of vernacular design—moving us past the appreciation of brush-strokes, so to speak—the scale of engineered destruction makes
it difficult to focus on the charred remains of individual lives.
Engineers need to guard against the inappropriate military subsumption of their effort. Fortunately, the ethics of warfare
has been an ongoing topic of discussion for millennia. This paper will examine the university core class I’ve developed (The
Moral Dimensions of Technology) to meet accreditation requirements in engineering ethics, and the discussion with engineering
and non-engineering students focused by the life of electrical engineer Vannevar Bush, with selected readings in moral philosophy
from the Dao de Jing, Lao Tze, Cicero, Aurelius Augustinus, Kant, Annette Baier, Peter Singer, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Judith Thomson.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
20.
Biller-Andorno N 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):43-50
The current debate in medical ethics on placebos focuses mainly on their use in health research. Whereas this is certainly
an important topic the discussion tends to overlook another longstanding but nevertheless highly relevant question, namely
if and how the placebo effect should be employed in clinical practice. This paper describes the way the placebo effect is
perceived in modern medicine and offers some historical reflections on how these perceptions have developed; discusses elements
of a definition of the placebo effect; and suggests some conditions under which making use of the therapeutic potential of
the placebo effect can be ethically acceptable, if not warranted.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003.
Nikola Biller-Andorno, MD, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University
of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Biller-Andorno also serves as an ethicist for the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper
does not necessarily reflect the views of the World Health Organization. 相似文献