和谐精神:人文奥运的基本精神

在"更快、更高、更强"的奥运主旋律中,内涵着厚重的人文精神。这种人文精神又可以归结为以心和、人和、天和为特征和指向的"和谐精神"。"人文奥运"是2008年北京奥运会三大理念中的核心和灵魂,而人文奥运的灵魂就是和谐精神。和谐、合力、和衷共济、和而不同的"和谐精神"是人文奥运的基本精神,和谐是奥林匹克与中华文明的最佳结合点。     

论“人文奥运”

本文揭示了“人文奥运”的内涵 ,提出人文奥运即弘扬奥运精神的奥运 ,塑造中国人自己价值观的奥运 ,展示中华民族灿烂文明的奥运 ,提高中华民族文明素质的奥运。     

我国社会诚信道德建设的着力点

目前我国社会诚信道德建设的着力点应从三个方面切入:其一是借助制度教育功能以信用机制遏止失信行为;其二是发挥文化的陶冶作用以人文精神滋养诚信品格;其三是提升吾人伦理觉悟以公民意识唤醒信义良知.     

当代中国社会诚信道德的缺失与重构——以社会主义核心价值观建设为视角

诚信既是一个价值范畴,也是一个道德范畴,它在社会主义核心价值观念系统中有着独特的道德价值。在我国现阶段,产生于"熟人社会"的诚信道德面临缺失的困境,原因在于我国尚未建立起有效的"陌生人社会"交往原则和成熟的市场经济竞争原则。要实现诚信道德重构,助推社会主义核心价值观建设,必须加强以契约精神为核心的诚信文化涵育,建构符合现代法治精神的社会信用体系。     

论公益组织的诚信生态

公益组织的诚信生态是以公益组织为主体,以诚信为核心价值所形成的一个道德生态系统。公益组织的诚信生态呈现内外多重维度的特点。公益组织的诚信生态拓展了社会诚信的广度,有助良善生活的形成,促进其他伦理精神的发展。但是失信事件与诚信危机使公益组织诚信生态出现断裂失衡,需要伦理修复。公益组织诚信生态的伦理修复必须是全维度的,诚信生态修复不限于道德的手段,还需引入其他有效修复诚信生态的手段。     

道德精神的社会资源支持

道德精神是对道德的敬畏、向往和坚守的心理意识和精神态度,培育道德精神离不开社会资源的支持。其中,制度作为最基本的道德是道德的基本保障;文化资源可以为道德的坚守培土;风俗或风气作为社会道德的评判机制有助于道德权威的确立;民族事件是道德精神的集中体现,可以塑造对道德精神的崇高感。     

从道德诚信到法律诚信--兼及道德运行机制的一点思考

诚实信用既是道德原则 ,又是法律原则。作为道德原则 ,诚实信用在当事人之间以及当事人和社会利益之间确立了一个“度”,使得民法的正当性随着社会的不断发展得到不断的确证 ,从而成为民法中的“帝王条款”。作为民法的基本原则 ,它以具体的法律制度为载体 ,在淡化道德特性的同时 ,具有显著的法律特性 ,具体表现为从德性诚信向契约诚信、从主观诚信向客观诚信、从人格诚信向制度诚信的三个转化。通过上述考察 ,为我们思考道德的运行机制提供了一个新的视角 ,即要解决当代社会道德需要制度化又不能制度化的悖论 ,就要跳出就道德论道德的圈子 ,必须在一个更高的、更宽泛的含义上来理解道德的制度化问题 ,用制度的正当化来取代道德的制度化 ,使道德在法律等其他社会制度中运行。     

原始儒家伦理精神论纲

中国古代以道德立国 ,文化以伦理为本位 ,而这一切与原始儒家的学术努力有着密切的关系。本文主要讨论原始儒家伦理的人文精神、实践精神、能动精神、境界精神、仁爱精神与唯物精神     

诚实信用:从道德到法律

诚实信用原则从一个道德原则成为一个法律原则的过程 ,是一个道德法律化的过程。一方面 ,诚实信用在当事人之间以及当事人和社会利益之间确立了一个“度” ,使得民法的正当性随着社会的不断发展得到不断的确证 ,从而成为民法中的“帝王条款”。另一方面 ,诚实信用作为民法的基本原则 ,是以具体的法律制度为载体的 ,在道德特性转淡的同时 ,有着显著的法律特性 ,这个过程具体表现为从德性诚信向契约诚信、从主观诚信向客观诚信、从人格诚信向制度诚信的三个转化。通过上述考察 ,为我们思考道德的运行机制提供了一个新的视角。     

论近代中国知识分子性道德观的建构

随着近代中国社会的变化及西方人文主义和自由主义思想的影响,中国知识分子提出"伦理觉悟""道德革命"的主张,传统道德成为知识分子必须要打破的桎梏,性道德变革作为道德革命的一部分,成为知识分子探讨的重要内容。近代知识分子在对传统性道德进行猛烈批判的基础上,开始建构现代性道德。这主要体现在四个方面:倡导性自然观,肯定性的正当合理;批判传统性道德的禁欲和愚昧,主张性解放,宣传性科学;反对包办婚姻,提倡恋爱和婚姻自由;抨击封建贞操观,强调女性作为人的性权利。近代基于人文精神和科学精神而建构的性道德为现代性道德奠定了基础,为当代性道德教育提供了可供借鉴的思想资源,推动了中国传统伦理的现代转型。     

Relative age effect in Olympic Taekwondo athletes

Relative age effects refer to the effects of age differences among individuals who have been grouped together for a performance activity. This study aimed to investigate the relative age effect on Olympic Taekwondo athletes, in several Olympic Games, and in both sexes. The study sample consisted of 291 athletes who had competed in Atlanta, Sydney, and Beijing Olympic Games. The relative age effect was examined for the general distribution of athletes by quartile, for each of the individuals, and for male and female athletes. There were no discernable effects of relative age on Olympic Taekwondo athletes.     

Athletes' perceptions of multilevel changes related to competing at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games

ObjectivesTaking into account the need for applied research on the most effective ways to prepare Olympians psychologically, the first purpose of this study was to gain more insight into the changes perceived by four athletes in view of their participation in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The second purpose of this study was to illustrate how using a holistic and dynamic approach to the identification of the perceptions of these athletes' Olympic experiences can provide information relevant for the provision of individual ASP support to these athletes.DesignUsing a prospective design athletes' perceptions of changes were gathered prior, during as well as after the Olympic Games.MethodsA combination of interview (pre and post Olympic Games) and self-reporting (during Olympic Games) was used to describe athletes' perceptions of changes occurring at athletic, psychological, psychosocial, academic/vocational level.ResultsResults confirmed in first instance athletes' perceptions of the multifaceted nature of their Olympic experience. In second instance, the use of a dynamic and holistic perspective allowed to identify that participants perceived (a) during the phase prior to the Olympic Games 14 changes at all four levels, (b) during the Olympic Games eight changes at three levels, and (c) during the phase after returning from the Olympic Games 11 changes having occurred at four levels.ConclusionsThis study showed the usefulness of using a dynamic and holistic perspective not only in order to identify athletes' perceptions of their Olympic experiences, but also to enhance ASP practitioners' knowledge on the needs for a holistic and dynamic ASP-support provision. In this way, the effectiveness and efficiency of ASP practitioners working with athletes preparing for, or competing at the Olympic Games could be enhanced.     

定点医院接诊奥运志愿者临床特征分析

为探讨奥运会期间就诊于定点医院奥运志愿者所患疾病的临床特征,回顾性分析海淀医院奥运绿色通道在北京奥运会期间接诊志愿者资料。结果显示,北京奥运会期间（7月20日~9月20日）,海淀医院共接诊注册志愿者636例,按照发病百分比以呼吸系统疾病为首位（173/636, 27.2%）,以下依次为消化系统（103/636, 16.2%）、损伤类（95/636, 14.9%）、耳鼻喉（79/636, 12.4%）等,提示志愿者在奥运会期间所患疾病种类与季节以及工作环境密切相关,定点医院应该根据就诊人群特点选择适当的医疗保障模式。     

GT与IRT的比较: 北京奥运会男子10米跳台跳水分析

概化理论(GT)和项目反应理论(IRT)从两个不同的方向发展了经典测量理论, GT和IRT中的多面Rasch测量模型(MFRM)在主观评分中都可以用来估计评分中各变异来源对变异的贡献, 对测评的信度进行估计, 提出测评改进意见。12名运动员参加了2008北京奥运会男子10米跳台跳水决赛, 比赛共6个回合, 7名裁判独立对他们在各个回合的表现进行打分。GT和MFRM比较一致地认为运动员自身、回合、运动员与回合的交互效应是运动员得分的重要变异来源, 而裁判员对运动员得分差异的贡献不显著。MFRM同时还估计出难度系数是影响男子跳台跳水成绩的重要变异来源, 在评分等级6.5附近存在步校准错乱, 得出的运动员成绩排序与2008奥运实际排序有所不同。在GT中难度系数作为隐藏侧面, 其效应未能分离出来。GT和MFRM从两个不同的方面给测量提供改进意见: GT发现可以通过增加回合数来提高g系数, 而增加裁判数对其影响不大。MFRM给出各侧面的要素(如某裁判、运动员等)的估计值及其标准误, 它给出的诊断性拟合统计也有助于甄别异常得分或评分模式。     

The influence of the Chinese sport system and Chinese cultural characteristics on Olympic sport psychology services

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sociocultural factors on Chinese Olympic sport psychology services.Design and methodsFifteen sport psychology consultants (SPCs), who served Chinese national teams for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, participated in this study after the Olympics. Semi-structured interviews were conducted within three months of the closing of the Olympics, followed by a hybrid approach to inductive and deductive thematic analyses.ResultsTwo general dimensions of sociocultural influence on Chinese Olympic sport psychology services were identified: (a) the Whole-Nation System and (b) Chinese cultural characteristics. They consisted of eight higher order themes, which comprised 26 lower order themes. This study revealed that Chinese sport psychology services were enhanced by recognizing the features of the Whole-Nation System (e.g., resource centralization and top-down management) and the successful blending of these features with Chinese cultural characteristics (e.g., holistic thinking style, keeping face and interpersonal order) into the psychological service.ConclusionsSociocultural factors had a marked influence on Chinese Olympic sport psychology services, which enabled Chinese SPCs to provide a culturally competent service (e.g., prioritizing collective interests, respecting the authority of administrative officials and coaches, and keeping face with others) for the Beijing Olympic Games.     

Subjective Well-Being of Beijing Taxi Drivers

This study investigates subjective well-being among a sample of Beijing taxi drivers in the lead up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI). The specific aims of this study are (a) investigate the psychometric properties of the PWI in this unique population; (b) ascertain whether Beijing taxi drivers are satisfied with their lives; and (c) examine whether the responses to the PWI from participants falls within the narrow range predicted by the ‘Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis’. The PWI demonstrated good psychometric properties and was consistent with previous studies for Western and non-Western samples. The data revealed a moderate level of subjective well-being (PWI score = 61.1). While Beijing taxi drivers work long hours for low wages, the PWI was nonetheless within the normative range predicted for Chinese societies by the ‘Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis’. The results suggest that the homeostatic mechanism is fairly resilient, even when the individual leads relatively a hard life based on objective indicators. Specifically, for Beijing taxi drivers, it appears that external, buffers such as personal relationships and feeling part of the community, act to assist the homeostatic system.     

The dynamics of motivation and perceptions of control when competing in the Olympic Games.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between changes in motivational factors and perceptions of control among participants of the Norwegian Olympic Soccer Team for Women, prior to and during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta. The findings show that Task Orientation decreased when competing in the Olympic Games, as did the perception of a Mastery climate, while the perception of a Performance climate increased during the Games. The further findings support the proposed positive relationship between a high Task Orientation and high perceptions of control.     

Olympism as Opera Operans: An Existential Philosophical Perspective

The purpose of this article is to consider critically the humanistic potential of Olympism. We consider the concepts ‘human’ and ‘humanism’ from an existential perspective. Existentialism argues that human beings exist in a state of freedom. Freedom, as the basis of being human, holds a human fully responsible for his or her own existence. This responsibility assumes an active mode of behaviour, predicated on human effort. It can also include the making of specific artifacts such as creating creations (opera operans). According to Mamardashvili, creating creations are unique cultural mechanisms that remain in the boundaries of morality, beauty, thought and so on, adding quality to human existence. The article argues that the desire to be fulfilled as a human being is the moral basis to which Olympism directs Olympic athletes. Moreover, Olympism expresses the human’s need of self-overcoming, constant self-perfection which is necessary aspect of the humanity. Thus, the humanistic potential of Olympism lies in the fact that it allows for the creative space in sport which is itself a place for human realization. Therefore, Olympism can be characterized as opera operans, creating creation.     

The Olympic Games and the Improvement of Economic Well Being

This paper investigates whether hosting the Olympic Games will improve economic well being of host countries. It is shown that the economic benefits of hosting the Games can last for up to 16 years. The economy of the host country improves after announcement of successful bid. The improvement peaks in the year of the Games and remains significant for 8 years after the Games.