Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The structural hypothesis--theoretical considerations.

Freud reformulated his model of the psychic apparatus because certain clinical observations did not fit into the earlier framework of his theory. In the new theory, he emphasized the role each element plays in psychic conflict. Because Freud philosophically was committed to a materialistic, nonteleological, biologically based theory, he carried over into the new formulations some of the metapsychological assumptions of the earlier theory. It is suggested that this transposition is responsible for some of the confusion concerning the application of the structural theory. It is proposed that if a more strict usage of the concept of metapsychology with more precise conceptualization is employed, some of the problems connected with the application of the structural theory may be overcome.     

Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The past and future of ego psychology.

Having six roots in ordinary observation and introspection, ego psychology has a long pre-Freudian history, which influenced Freud's first usages of Ich. His works before 1923 contain much that is substantively ego psychology; The Ego and the Id was not a paradigm change but a consolidation of pre-existing ideas. The structural theory replaced a model (topographic) which Freud actually used very little, especially clinically, and he failed to remedy its gravest methodological faults. The ego-id model is an integral part of metapsychology, and will pass out of use as the latter dies, with no detriment to clinical psychoanalysis.     

Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The need for a new general theoretical frame of reference for psychoanalysis.

This paper briefly discusses some of the serious problems in current psychoanalytic metapsychology and the need for a new general theoretical frame of reference. It highlights the lack of explanatory power and the primitive nature of current metapsychology. The paper suggests the usefulness of an information processing and systems model which is consistent with neurophysiology.     

Intractable self-fulfilling prophecies fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education

The civil rights struggle for equal educational opportunity has yet to be achieved at the start of the 21st century. Inequality persists but problem and remedy are refrained from integrating schools, to ensuring equal access in resegregated settings, to closing the performance gap. As seen through ecological theory (R. S. Weinstein, 2002b), complex, multilayered, and interactive negative self-fulfilling prophecies create or perpetuate educational inequities and unequal outcomes. Society has failed to grapple with its entrenched roots in the achievement culture of schools. If this insidious dynamic is to be changed, an educational system that sorts for differentiated pathways must be replaced with one that develops the talents of all. Psychology has a critical role to play in promoting a new understanding of malleable human capabilities and optimal conditions for their nurturance in schooling.     

主体与自我——记北京大学纪念胡塞尔诞辰150周年哲学讨论会

2009年4月18日在北京大学举行了以“主体与自我”为主题的纪念胡塞尔诞辰150周年哲学讨论会。围绕大会的主题,学者们对胡塞尔的现象学展开了深入的探讨。     

The Transcendent Function and the Forming Ego

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“思”与思维着的“我”——笛卡尔和康德自我观的异同

现代哲学的逻辑起点不是独断的外在实体,而是无需前提设定而直接自明给予的自我意识。自我主体问题成为连接笛卡尔和康德的一个核心问题。笛卡尔哲学的起点是我思故我在,康德哲学的核心是先验主体的知性为自然立法。康德通过对笛卡尔自我实体性的批判而把自我逻辑功能化,     

The Ego Impairment Index and schizophrenia: a validation study.

This study is an extension of our work on a new scale, the Ego Impairment Index (EII; Perry & Viglione, 1991). The index is theoretically based on Beres's (1956) model of ego assessment and was empirically developed on a sample of melancholic, depressed outpatients, diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. [DSM-III]; American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The EII is derived from the Rorschach Inkblot Test and offers a single composite score of ego impairment. This study validates the use of the EII with a heterogeneous sample of schizophrenic patients. In support of the trait-like characteristics of the scale, the EII continues to be expressed as a single factor, with a correlation of .98 when comparing the original factor derived from a melancholic population with this sample of schizophrenic patients. Significant correlations were also found between the EII and other clinical indices, including the Magical Ideation Scale, the Schizophrenia Index, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Finally, the EII was found to differentiate between a paranoid subgroup and a mixed undifferentiated/disorganized subgroup who theoretically have more ego impairment. These results offer support for the use of the EII as an empirical means of quantitatively and qualitatively assessing thought disorder within a theoretical framework. Further research is needed to understand the application of the EII across different diagnostic groups and its relationship to other indices of psychological disturbance.     

Ego strength and stress reaction in Kuwaiti students after the Iraqi invasion

Correlations between scores on the Barron Ego Strength Scale and a checklist of 18 Symptoms of stress reactions were calculated for two responses from 503 undergraduate Kuwaiti students (225 men and 278 women). Using total scores on both measures for all students the correlation was -.42, so students with higher ego strength scores tend to have fewer stressful symptoms. rs by symptoms ranged from -.33 to -.11.     

Rotter's I. E.-Scale and Socio-Political Action-Taking: The balance of 20 years of research

Besides Rotter's hypothesis that internals are more likely to participate in sociopolitical action than externals, in this paper the hypothesis is formulated that externals are more likely to participate in socio-political action than internals. Both hypotheses can be justified from a value-expectancy theoretical point of view. These hypotheses are called the efficacy hypothesis and the power-formation hypothesis respectively. The assumption is made that the power-formation hypothesis holds true for people who are convinced that they are powerless, on objective and for ideological grounds, and that the efficacy hypothesis holds true for people who do not have that conviction. Conditions under which a relationship between I. E. and socio-political action-taking can be expected were derived from both hypotheses. Thirty-one studies on I. E. and action-taking were reviewed. Five studies confirmed the efficacy hypothesis, four studies confirmed the power-formation hypothesis. Nineteen studies revealed no relationship between I. E. scores and action-taking. The explanations that various authors give for the absence of a relationship were examined. It was investigated whether explanations that held true for studies other than the ones for which they were formulated would fit into the theoretical framework developed in this article. This appeared to be the case. The implications for further research are discussed.     

少数民族大学生自我同一性的发展特点研究

本研究以少数民族大学生为研究对象,使用自我同一性状态客观测量的标准化问卷,对少数民族大学生的自我同一性发展规律进行分析,研究结果发现:(1)少数民族大学生自我同一性的发展是一个逐渐变化的过程,从一年级到三年级呈波浪式的发展趋势,二年级的自我同一性发展状况最好,并且在人际领域和意识领域的发展形态略不同。(2)相比男生,女生更容易形成同一性前闭状态,并且更容易在人际领域处于同一性混乱状态。文科学生较理科学生更多处于同一性前闭状态。(3)少数民族大学生在自我同一性获得和自我同一性混乱状态存在显著的年级差异。     

Ego Identity and Drug Experimentation: The Fable of the Arrested Abstainer

Students at a traditional, conservative, independent college were measured for identity achievement status and drug use. Drug abstainers were found to be more foreclosed than drug experimenters, as implied by previous research. Unlike the findings and implications of previous research, however, drug experimenters were not more identity achieved than drug abstainers. Further analysis revealed an interaction between drug use and the experience of crisis and commitment. In comparison with drug experimenters, abstainers had higher scores on commitment, without a corresponding decrease in scores on crisis. These findings were compared with previous research. The hypothesis that the development of drug abstainers has been arrested at the identity foreclosure stage was not supported for this subculture at this time.     

The Ego: the problem and the term as treated by Russian philosophy

The starting point of the investigation is the correspondence between the term and concept of Ego (“I”) and the various types of experience. Two main ways of introducing and applying of the term “I” (Ego) in Russian philosophy are investigated from the semantic-analytical point of view. The first takes the Ego as initially existed either as a spiritual substance or a given form uniting experiences. This way of treating is realized in L. Lopatin’s and V. Soloviev’s philosophical teachings. The second containing some moments of reflexion on the concept treated the Ego as a result of experience. It was developed in M. Karinskij und G. ?pet. In context of difference between the Ego and the subject or consciousness the question of the owner of consciousness is considered.     

The Id and the Regulatory Principles of Mental Functioning by Max Schur

The authors draw on their experience as male and female cotherapists with a group of adults having a history of incest. These patients repeat in therapy numerous roles learned in childhood. These roles influence countertransference through projective identification, inducing role suction and/or role reversals. Acknowledging the pressure to assume these roles facilitates treatment. The role fluctuations may cause additional confusion.

Countertransference experiences are described, ranging from disbelief, revulsion, and rage, to fantasies of rescue, feelings of attraction, and defensive fears. The authors were, on and off, deskilled by their extraordinarily intense countertransference responses when treating the emotional scars of incest.     

The Effect of Sensory Deprivation and Ego Strength on a Measure of Autistic Thinking

In an experiment designed to test aspects of the psychoanalytic theory of ego functioning, 18 male and 18 female subjects were assigned in equal numbers to a 3%-hr period of either sensory deprivation (SD), social isolation (SI) or social participation (SP). Their level of autistic thinking was assessed by a word-association measure administered immediately before and immediately after the treatment condition to which each subject had been assigned. Results showed that subjects assigned to SD showed an increase in autistic thinking scores from pretreatment to posttreatment, whereas subjects assigned to the two control conditions (SI and SP) showed a decrease. Although Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ego strength (Es) scores correlated negatively with the initial level of autistic thinking in all subjects, the experimental and control conditions had their greatest impact on subjects who scored low in Es. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that consensual functioning (particularly for subjects who scored low on Es) depends on continuing contact with reality.     

The memory drum theory after twenty years: comments on Henry's note

The difference between the Henry "memory-drum" theory and our version is that ours includes, an additional assumption that, after programming has occurred, the resultant representation can be stored in short-term memory. Otherwise, the essential ideas are the same in the two theories. Implications of the presently available data for the distinction between the theories are discussed. Regardless of how one evaluates our added assumption, it is clear that the essential insight of the Henry theory has fared very well in the 20 years since the theory first appeared in print.     

The Holocaust after 70 years: Holocaust survivors in the United States

Over 70 years, there have been different narratives of the Holocaust survivors coming to the United States. Survivors’ stories begin with an event of major historical significance. Difficulties in conceptualizing historical trauma, along with common distortions and myths about Holocaust survivors and their children are examined. This article proposes that it is impossible to discuss the consequences of extreme suffering without consideration of historical meaning and social context with which they are entwined. The evolution of the social representation of the Holocaust and the contradictions in clinical attributions to survivors and their children with consideration of the future is described. Attributions to survivors and their children with consideration of the future is described.     

The legacy of Guttman and Kalish (1956): Twenty-five years of research on stimulus generalization

This paper is a selective review of the methods, problems, and findings in the area of operant stimulus generalization over the 25 years since the publication of the original paper by Guttman and Kalish (1956) on discriminability and spectral generalization in the pigeon. The paper falls into five main sections, which encompass the main themes and problems stemming from the Guttman and Kalish work and its immediate successors. The first section addresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus control, as well as the variety of testing procedures and dependent variables used to measure generalization. The next section reviews the limited literature on the effects of early rearing on the generalization gradient. The relationship between discriminability among test stimuli and the slope of the spectral gradient is discussed in the third section, with emphasis upon recent reassessments of the pigeon's hue discriminability function. The fourth section reviews the topic of inhibitory stimulus control, one which developed with the discovery of the peak shift following intradimensional discrimination training. Problems of definition and measurement are discussed in conjunction with the gradient forms used to index inhibitory control. The last section is devoted to attentional effects and the two principal theories postulated to account for them. A survey of different attentional paradigms is provided and the possible role of constant irrelevant stimuli as a source of control is examined. A brief conclusion summarizes the contribution of the generalization technique toward an understanding of the nature and acquisition of stimulus control.     

第五届国际怀特海哲学大会在韩国召开

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