“良知坎陷”：牟宗三的思想脉络与理论开展

在牟宗三哲学发展中,"良知坎陷"说有认识论、历史文化论和存有论三义。"良知坎陷"说的理论开展,既表现为存有论意义上的理论综合,也体现在以"道德实践"对"坎陷"所作的理论规定。在"良知坎陷"说中,存在着文化诉求与哲学思考的思想纠结。由于对"坎陷"之辩证义的独特规定,牟宗三存有论意义的"良知坎陷"既不同于黑格尔绝对精神的辩证开展,也改造了康德现象与物自身超越区分的理论架构,展露出"彻底的唯心论"的基本意蕴,具有新的理论意义。     

牟宗三"良知坎陷说"的发展历程

牟宗三的"良知自我坎陷说"贯穿了其学术思想发展的始终,大致经历了以下四个阶段:一、"内圣"坎陷"外王";二、"存在之理"坎陷"形构之理";三、"仁心觉情"收敛"智相";四、"无执的存有论"坎陷"执的存有论".从以上的发展线索来看,牟宗三的"良知坎陷说"具有一个逐步内在化、形上化的发展趋势,而其中"存在之理"坎陷"形构之理"这一阶段具有关键的意义.     

牟宗三“良知坎陷”说的意涵及与康德、黑格尔的相关性

本文分疏了牟宗三"良知坎陷"说中的康德与黑格尔哲学资源,剖析其两层存有论的内在矛盾及其缺失。牟氏在证成现代民族国家时,预设了康德式两层存有论的义理架构,在论证方式上则引入黑格尔式的辩证法。牟宗三证成道德的形上学,建立两层存有论,但他认为现象只具有认知的意义,人的德行与法权并不在其中,使二者暗而不彰。顺着康德的理路,牟宗三哲学中法权与德行两个方面的缺失都可以得到补足。     

“良知坎陷”的起点与归宿

"良知"概念,是中国儒家哲学的重要概念。从孟子"良知、良能"到王守仁"致良知"的心学兴盛,及王门后学对其的发展,再到牟宗三继往开来的"良知坎陷"理论的开展,无不表现其在中国哲学史上的地位和魅力。作为"新儒学"的代表,牟先生"良知坎陷"之说,以其独特魅力亦或"挑事者"的身份掀起了一次次理论回应。     

从"德性优先"到"德知并建"——由"良知坎陷"问题引出的中国哲学形上学现代诠释的反思

牟宗三先生的"良知坎陷"有三类提法.只有在道德形上学的圆善层面上进行解读,知识才能得以保存.这固然在儒家心学系统中已经达至圆满,却未必是现代新儒家返本开新的最佳典范.成中英先生在尊重先秦儒家经典的原义上建立了本体诠释学,以一本多体的态度看待道德与知识,在新外王的现代开展上甚于"良知坎陷"的处理方式,为现代中国哲学形上学...     

论牟宗三的“两重坎陷义”

学界对牟宗三"良知坎陷"说的研究和评论已经相当丰富,而不论是赞成或反对者只关注到牟宗三关于"良知坎陷"说的一个侧面,而没有看到另一方面,从而误读了牟宗三讨论坎陷的问题意识。按照牟宗三关于坎陷的论述理路,可分两重,即凡位坎陷义和圣位坎陷义。凡位坎陷义是牟宗三讨论西方知识形态存在何种缺陷的核心概念,因为坎陷是知识构造的根基。牟宗三认识到西方的知识传统对个体生命的安顿不足,遂要从认识心之坎陷中跃出,最终转向本体界,使得本心呈露,获得真正的安心,此历程从现象界上升到本体界,从凡位转入圣位,亦可说是内圣之路。达到圣位后,还要从本体界下降到现象界来安顿天下人的心,在此历程中仍然需要借助坎陷,具体表现为"新外王",其核心内容为科学与民主,但开出的方式上却要本内圣之明,以此使得器物制度皆具有提撕精神。据此可知,凡位坎陷义演内圣之学,而圣位坎陷义开外王之学,二者是上学下达的整体,体现了牟宗三一生学思所向。牟宗三对坎陷问题的讨论始终充满着对现代人生存境遇的人文关怀,他尝试借助东西方已有的文明形态构建起一个融合宇宙知识与生命价值的理想架构。     

新儒家与西方政治哲学:牟宗三的民主思想与自我坎陷论

牟宗三与新儒家生活在中国积贫积弱、社会政治文化发生翻天覆地变化的大变革时代。如果要了解牟宗三提出的"道德主体的自我坎陷"的历史背景,我们就需要考虑他思想产生与发展的论述环境——"欧洲中心论"。在欧洲中心论笼罩下的中国思想界,学者视西方民主制度为人类有史以来最优良的政治体制。但是近年来,民主政体的结构性缺陷在民主国家的运作实践中越来越凸显。而在牟宗三看来,民主制度的有效运作需要多种文化与社会条件与之相配合。在牟宗三"自我坎陷"论的视域下,我们可以看到民主理论需要的不是自由主义所突出的个人权利,而是集体的社会福益。民主政治得以运作的基本条件不是个人争取合法地满足自己的所有需要与欲望,而是透过互相尊重、妥协、合作而达成对社会共同利益的维护。民主政治要求选民妥协、合作,甚至自我否定,这便是牟宗三"自我坎陷"论所蕴含的道德精神。牟宗三"自我坎陷"的理论观照了民主制度的缺陷,同时补充了西方民主理论之不足。     

牟宗三的“圆教智识论”

后期牟宗三区分圆教与别教,认为两者的表述模式分别为"诡谲的即"与"超越的分解"。圆教对于一切法包括知识在内的看法,与别教不同,圆教"性具善恶"的理论使得知识等染污法具有本体论上的"永恒的必然性",而非别教下的"辩证的必然性";其起现知识等染污法是"任运而现",而非别教下的"作意而现";其视识心为觉悟后智慧之异名,而非别教之视识心为必定有碍而要"破识显智"。"良知坎陷论"对于知识、认识心的看法更接近别教而非圆教,牟宗三对此似并未从判教的角度予以深入反思,而只是以圆教理论来处理德福关系问题。本文扩展牟宗三的圆教理论,用以处理"良知"与知识、识心的关系问题,以勾勒牟宗三的"圆教智识论",这是不同于"圆善论"的新拓展。     

《整合与重铸——牟宗三哲学思想研究》出版

颜炳罡著《整合与重铸——牟宗三哲学思想研究》于2012年2月由北京大学出版社出版。该书属于郭齐勇教授主编的"现当代新儒家研究丛书"之一,全面系统地评述了著名哲学家牟宗三先生的哲学思想。作者就牟宗三的道德的形上学、良知自我坎陷、三统并建、儒学第三期之发展说、真善美之分别说与合一说、宋明儒学三系说、天台宗华严宗的     

由“一心开二门”到“存有三态论”——儒学之一个新的发展向度

一心开二门是大乘佛教的一个重要观念,牟宗三认为这一观念不仅在佛教内部具有普适性,而且在佛教以外也具有普适性,故可以作为一个公共模型来使用。因此,牟宗三借用这一模型建构了一个儒家式的一心开二门体系:良知为本体,它既可开出本体界,成就无执的存有论;亦可开出现象界,成就执的存有论。显而易见,这一理论对于传统儒学来讲是一种理论新创,故对     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.