Relating tests given to different samples

Suppose a collection of standard tests is given to all subjects in a random sample, but a different new test is given to each group of subjects in nonoverlapping subsamples. A simple method is developed for displaying the information that the data set contains about the correlational structure of the new tests. This is possible to some extent, even though each subject takes only one new test. The method uses plausible values of the partial correlations among the new tests given the standard tests in order to generate plausible simple correlations among the new tests and plausible multiple correlations between composites of the new tests and the standard tests. The real data example included suggests that the method can be useful in practical problems.     

A significance test for minimum rank in factor analysis

This paper presents a new method of determining the minimum rank in factor analysis, appropriate to the principal axes solution. The new method is compared with a former method which, with some adjustment, is more convenient for the centroid approach. Both methods are applied to two familiar examples.     

IRT中最小化χ2/EM参数估计方法

对IRT的双参数Logistic模型（2PLM）中未知参数估计问题,给出了一个新的估计方法――最小化χ2/EM估计。新方法在充分考虑项目反应理论(IRT)与经典测量理论(CTT)之间的差异的前提下,从统计计算的角度改进了Berkson的最小化χ2估计,取消了Berkson实施最小化χ2估计时需要已知能力参数的不合实际的前提,扩大了应用范围。实验结果表明新方法能力参数的估计结果与BILOG相比,精确度要高,且当样本容量超过2000时,项目参数的估计结果也优于BILOG。实验还表明新方法稳健性好     

A dental roll technique for the measurement of salivary activity

A discussion of the development of a method for the analysis of salivary activity is presented. Results gained using this new method are compared with those obtained using a whole-mouth spitting technique. The application of the new method in real-world situations is indicated. Norms are presented for measures of salivary flow, pH, and salivary ion concentration based on experimental studies of a female working population.     

A method for analysing performance in the rod-and-frame test. II Test of the Statistical Model

Abstract.— A new method of scoring the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) has been proposed (Nyborg, 1974). The statistical model behind the new method is introduced and tested in the present work.     

A blueprint of ELI: A new method for eliciting subjective probability distributions

A blueprint of a new method for eliciting uncertain knowledge about continuous quantities is presented. The direct realization of a proper scoring rule in a graphically oriented interactive computer program is one of the central features of the new elicitation methodology. Uncertain knowledge is internally represented through subjective probability distributions. However, in its interaction with assessors, the elicitation method uses a score representation. A proper scoring rule is applied to transform probability density functions into score functions. In order to study its merits, central ideas for the new method were implemented in an experimental version of the elicitation technique ELI. The results were promising and encouraged further development of the technique.     

人脑的奥秘能否由人脑自身揭示--浅谈神经科学现代研究方法

神经科学研究是学科、多层次的。神经科学的每一次飞跃几乎都与某种研究方法的出现有关。从形态学的束路追踪法、组织化学法、原位杂交法、其聚焦激光扫描显微镜,到生理学的脑内微透析术、脑片、微电泳及行为学方法;从电生理的电压钳、膜片和脑电波,到生物化学的层析法、放射免疫法、免疫印迹法等;从种类繁多的分子生物学方法到各种脑成像技术。每种新方法的出现都打开了一扇门,引入一个新领域。实践证明,人脑即使不能彻底了解人脑的奥秘,也可无限地逼近。     

A matching method of successive approximations and its instrumentation

The present paper reports a method of successive approximations. The technique is optimal for matching stimuli with respect to time and all Ss are forced to use the same strategy. The S’s answer to the question of which is more intense, a reference or a matching stimulus, initiates a new matching stimulus according to an algorithm that bisects intervals up or down in successive trials and gives a new matching stimulus to judge. A circuitry that governs the method of successive approximations is reported. The method is exemplified by an experimental set-up for odor intensity matching.     

四种新的基于属性平衡的CD-CAT选题策略开发研究

基于属性平衡的CD-CAT选题策略能够保证每个认知属性被相当数量的题目测量,从而提高被试属性判准率,传统的基于属性平衡的选题策略包括MMGDI法和MGCDI法。本文针对传统的基于属性测量次数平衡选题策略进行改进,提出4种新的基于属性平衡的选题策略：RMGDI、RMCDI、SE-RMGDI、SE-RMCDI,前两种为基于属性测量次数平衡,后两种为基于属性测量精度平衡的选题策略。模拟研究表明：（1）定长CD-CAT条件下,短测验中,MMGDI表现最好,而长测验中,SE-RMGDI和SE-RMCDI的表现优于传统的属性平衡选题策略。（2）不定长CD-CAT条件下,RMGDI在判准率指标上表现优于传统的属性平衡选题策略,4种新的属性平衡策略在测量效率和综合指标上的表现均优于传统的选题策略。     

A synthetic validity approach to testing differential prediction hypotheses

A new method is presented for conducting differential prediction analyses that makes it possible to test differential prediction hypotheses with adequate statistical power even when the sample size within a job or a job family is very small. This method, called synthetic differential prediction analysis, represents an application of the logic of synthetic validation to differential prediction analyses. The authors explain this new method and describe its application in a selection-system validation study conducted in a large organization.     

On Bayesian Testing of Additive Conjoint Measurement Axioms Using Synthetic Likelihood

This article introduces a Bayesian method for testing the axioms of additive conjoint measurement. The method is based on an importance sampling algorithm that performs likelihood-free, approximate Bayesian inference using a synthetic likelihood to overcome the analytical intractability of this testing problem. This new method improves upon previous methods because it provides an omnibus test of the entire hierarchy of cancellation axioms, beyond double cancellation. It does so while accounting for the posterior uncertainty that is inherent in the empirical orderings that are implied by these axioms, together. The new method is illustrated through a test of the cancellation axioms on a classic survey data set, and through the analysis of simulated data.     

A new rotational method in factor analysis

A new rotational method, particularly appropriate when a positive manifold can be assumed, is presented in theory and in computational detail. It is applied to a five-dimensional factorial matrix in which a simple configuration is known to exist. The new technique is much more efficient in yielding the simple configuration than are the methods formerly used. Landahl's transformations can be combined with this method to advantage.     

Robust principal components: A generalized variance perspective

This article compares several methods for performing robust principal component analysis, two of which have not been considered in previous articles. The criterion here, unlike that of extant articles aimed at comparing methods, is how well a method maximizes a robust version of the generalized variance of the projected data. This is in contrast to maximizing some measure of scatter associated with the marginal distributions of the projected scores, which does not take into account the overall structure of the projected data. Included are comparisons in which distributions are not elliptically symmetric. One of the new methods simply removes outliers using a projection-type multivariate outlier detection method that has been found to perform well relative to other outlier detection methods that have been proposed. The other new method belongs to the class of projection pursuit techniques and differs from other projection pursuit methods in terms of the function it tries to maximize. The comparisons include the method derived by Maronna (2005), the spherical method derived by Locantore et al. (1999), as well as a method proposed by Hubert, Rousseeuw, and Vanden Branden (2005). From the perspective used, the method by Hubert et al. (2005), the spherical method, and one of the new methods dominate the method derived by Maronna.     

Factor structure in groups selected on observed scores

A new method is proposed for estimating factor means and factor covariances in a group of individuals selected on their observed scores. The selection variable is, for example, the total score on an admissions test. Given a factor model for the test items based on the group of test takers, we may be interested in the factor structure for those in the top quartile. The differences in factor means and covariances between this selected group and the full group gives useful information both on successful test performance and on test validity. The new method draws on the classic Pearson-Lawley selection formulas. It avoids the fallacy of factor analysis on the selected group, which would lead to incorrect estimates. The new method is applied to a simple factor structure model for the GMAT test. Although the majority of the GMAT items test verbal skills, it is found that a quantitative factor shows the greatest change in moving from average to top quartile test takers.     

甲状腺结节治疗的新方法——内镜切除术

内镜甲状腺切除术是利用内镜手术图像放大和远距离操作的特点使手术切口微小化并隐藏起来的一种内镜手术,可以达到颈部无手术瘢痕的美观效果,是治疗甲状腺结节的一种新方法。选择合理的手术术式,遵循手术的适应证和禁忌证,严格把握患者的准入原则,可以使内镜甲状腺手术成为一种安全、理想的手术方法,具有不可替代的免美容破坏效果和远期舒适性。     

Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Structural Equation Models With Multiple Interaction and Quadratic Effects

In this article, a nonlinear structural equation model is introduced and a quasi-maximum likelihood method for simultaneous estimation and testing of multiple nonlinear effects is developed. The focus of the new methodology lies on efficiency, robustness, and computational practicability. Monte-Carlo studies indicate that the method is highly efficient and that the likelihood ratio test of nonlinear effects is robust and outperforms alternative testing procedures. The new method is applied to empirical data of middle-aged men, where a latent interaction between physical fitness and flexibility in goal adjustment on complaint level is hypothesized. A model with 5 simultaneous nonlinear effects is analyzed, and the hypothesized interaction is quantified and tested positively against an additive model with quadratic and linear effects.     

Finding a serial burglar's home using distance decay and conditional origin–destination patterns: a test of empirical Bayes journey-to-crime estimation in the Hague

Can we tell where an offender lives from where he or she commits crimes? Journey-to-crime estimation is a tool that uses crime locations to tell us where to search for a serial offender's home. In this paper, we test a new method: empirical Bayes journey-to-crime estimation. It differs from previous methods because it utilises an ‘origin–destination’ rule in addition to the ‘distance decay’ rule that prior methods have used. In the new method, the profiler not only asks ‘what distances did previous offenders travel between their home and the crime scenes?’ but also ‘where did previous offenders live who offended at the locations included in the crime series I investigate right now?’. The new method could not only improve predictive accuracy, it could also reduce the traditional distinction between marauding and commuting offenders. Utilising the CrimeStat software, we apply the new method to 62 serial burglars in The Hague, The Netherlands, and show that the new method has higher predictive accuracy than methods that only exploit a distance decay rule. The new method not only improves the accuracy of predicting the homes of commuters—offenders who live outside their offending area—it also improves the search for marauders—offenders who live inside their offending area. After presenting an example of the application of the technique for prediction of a specific burglar, we discuss the limitations of the method and offer some suggestions for its future development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Refining distraction potential testing guidelines by considering differences in glancing behavior

Driver distraction is a recognized cause of traffic accidents. Although the well-known guidelines for measuring distraction of secondary in-car tasks were published by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 2013, studies have raised concerns on the accuracy of the method defined in the guidelines, namely criticizing them for basing the diversity of the driver sample on driver age, and for inconsistent between-group results. In fact, it was recently discovered that the NHTSA driving simulator test is susceptible to rather fortuitous results when the participant sample is randomized. This suggests that the results of said test are highly dependent on the selected participants, rather than on the phenomenon being studied, for example, the effects of touch screen size on driver distraction. As an attempt to refine the current guidelines, we set out to study whether a previously proposed new testing method is as susceptible to the effects of participant randomization as the NHTSA method. This new testing method differs from the NHTSA method by two major accounts. First, the new method considers occlusion distance (i.e., how far a driver can drive with their vision covered) rather than age, and second, the new method considers driving in a more complex, and arguably, a more realistic environment than proposed in the NHTSA guidelines. Our results imply that the new method is less susceptible to sample randomization, and that occlusion distance appears a more robust criterion for driver sampling than merely driver age. Our results are applicable in further developing driver distraction guidelines and provide empirical evidence on the effect of individual differences in drivers’ glancing behavior.     

Model Comparisons and Model Selections Based on Generalization Criterion Methodology

The purpose of this article is to formalize the generalization criterion method for model comparison. The method has the potential to provide powerful comparisons of complex and nonnested models that may also differ in terms of numbers of parameters. The generalization criterion differs from the better known cross-validation criterion in the following critical procedure. Although both employ a calibration stage to estimate parameters, cross-validation employs a replication sample from the same design for the validation stage, whereas generalization employs a new design for the critical stage. Two examples of the generalization criterion method are presented that demonstrate its usefulness for selecting a model based on sound scientific principles out of a set that also contains models lacking sound scientific principles that are either overly complex or oversimplified. The main advantage of the generalization criterion is its reliance on extrapolations to new conditions. After all, accurate a priori predictions to new conditions are the hallmark of a good scientific theory. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Extensions of factorial solutions

A method is developed for extending any type of factor solution to new tests. The theoretical basis for this approximating scheme is thoroughly investigated, and then a simplification in the technique is introduced for practical purposes. An example is presented which illustrates the procedure of extending a factor solution to three new tests simultaneously.