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1.
Jeremy A. Sabloff 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):347-354
This article examines the question of how can museum professionals and the interested public resolve the competing claims
of traditional ownership and continuing scientific research in relation to museum collections.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
2.
Merrilee H. Salmon Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):311-318
This paper comments on the conflict between ethical relativism and anthropologists’ concerns with rights, and tries to show
that neither scientific objectivity nor respect for cultural diversity require denying an extracultural stance for ethical
judgments.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
3.
Rachelle D. Hollander Deborah G. Johnson Jonathan R. Beckwith Betsy Fader 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(1):83-87
The following views were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Seminar “Teaching Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993 organized by Stephanie J. Bird (M.I.T.), Penny J.
Gilmer (Florida State University) and Terrell W. Bynum (Southern Connecticut State University). Opragen Publications thanks
the AAAS, seminar organizers and authors for permission to publish extracts from the conference. The opinions expressed are
those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of AAAS or its Board of Directors. 相似文献
4.
Domenic V. Cicchetti Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(1):51-62
The documented low levels of reliability of the peer review process present a serious challenge to editors who must often
base their publication decisions on conflicting referee recommendations. The purpose of this article is to discuss this process
and examine ways to produce a more reliable and useful peer review system.
The author is a Senior Research Scientist & Biostatistician, Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry in the Yale University
School of Medicine.
Note: The main points of this report were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS) in Baltimore, Maryland, on February 9, 1996. 相似文献
5.
Dr. Andrew N. Rowan 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(2):181-184
Conclusion The past one hundred fifty years of debate over the use of animals in research and testing has been characterized mainly byad hominem attacks and on uncritical rejection of the other sides’ arguments. In the classroom, it is important to avoid repeating exercises
in public relations and to demand sound scholarship.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the American Association for
the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Seminar “Teaching Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献
6.
K. Anne Pyburn 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):355-366
Adversarial relations between science and religion have recurred throughout Western History. Archaeologists figure prominently
in a recent incarnation of this debate as members of a hegemonic scientific elite. Postmodern debates situate disagreements
in cosmological differences between innocent, traditional, native peoples and insensitive, career-mad, colonialist scientists.
This simplistic dichotomy patronizes both First Peoples and archaeologists, pitting two economically marginal groups in a
political struggle that neither can win. Although a few scholars have discussed the tyrannical nature of anthropological models
of tradition and culture, little consideration has been given to the fact that archaeology as a scientific discipline is drastically
under-funded, with little research support and few jobs. Reconsideration of which political and economic groups actually benefit
from the dramatization of a dichotomy between traditional and academic perspectives indicates some interesting patterns. The
search for common ground is shown to have ethical implications for both the futures of First Peoples and the future of archaeology.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
7.
Richard R Wilk 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):367-374
The stakes are very high in many struggles over cultural property, not only because the property is itself valuable, but also
because property rights of many kinds hinge on cultural identity. However, the language of property rights and possession,
and the standards for establishing cultural rights, is founded in antiquated and essentialized concepts of cultural continuity
and cultural purity. As cultural property and culturally-defined rights become increasingly valuable in the global marketplace,
disputes over ownership and management are becoming more and more intense. Using the example of a recent lawsuit over logging
on Mayan Indian reservations in the Central American country of Belize, this paper argues that cultural essentialist positions
are no longer tenable. Assigning exclusive ownership of globally important resources to any group or entity on purely cultural
grounds is likely to prolong conflict instead of creating workable management structures. The author instead advocates a concept
of “stakeholding” which acknowledges the legitimate interests of diverse individuals and groups.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
8.
Mishkin B 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):283-292
Substantial progress in handling scientific misconduct cases has been made since the first cases were investigated by the
NIH Office of Scientific Integrity in 1989. The successor Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has simultaneously reduced the
backlog of cases and increased the professionalism with which they are handled. However, a spate of lawsuits against universities,
particularly those brought under the federal False Claims Act, threatens to undermine the ORI by encouraging use of the courts
as an alternate route for resolving claims of research misconduct. Next steps should include establishing a government-wide
definition of scientific misconduct, providing immunity from lawsuits for institutions that follow proper procedures in investigating
charges of scientific misconduct, and participating in the development of international guidelines for maintaining scientific
integrity.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
9.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion (DoSER) program has embarked on an exciting project, “Scientists and Religious Communities: Investigating Perceptions to Build Understanding.” The project will provide the first quantitative data on the underlying assumptions and concerns that shape national attitudes on science. A nationally representative survey conducted in collaboration with sociologists at Rice University has reached 10,000 people, including evangelical Christians, mainline Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. The survey probed how a broad range of religious people, particularly evangelical Christians, understands and thinks about science, and what they perceive about scientists. Scientists, broadly defined, were likewise surveyed to gauge their perceptions of how religious people regard science. The goal for AAAS is to increase understanding between the scientific and evangelical Christian communities and redefine this critical relationship. DoSER will bring together leaders from scientific and evangelical communities to discuss the implications of survey results and to use them for building better understanding and communication strategies. Building relationships between scientists and religious communities has the potential to create a new paradigm of understanding. Finding out what each group actually thinks, through a survey, is only the beginning. 相似文献
10.
Archaeologists employed in governmental positions often deal with issues that produce conflicts between their professional
duties to their employer, their ethical responsibilities to the resource, and their obligations as established by legislation.
The paper examines some of the conflicts imposed on governmental archaeologists by each of these systems but focuses on the
conflicts imposed by federal legislation and regulations on governmental archaeologists, using “Kennewick Man” as an example.
This is a revised edition of a paper written for the symposium: “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology and Archaeology,”
organized by Merrilee Salmon; 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Philadelphia,
February 15, 1998). The original paper was in a more conversational style as befitting a discussion atmosphere. Revisions,
comments, and opinions are entirely the author’s.
Joe Watkins is the Anadarko Agency Archaeologist at the Bureau of Indian Affairs and is a Research Associate in the Department
of Anthropology, Indiana University. 相似文献
11.
Professor Sheila Jasanoff Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(3):263-276
This paper addresses, and seeks to correct, some frequent misunderstandings concerning the claim that science is socially
constructed. It describes several features of scientific inquiry that have been usefully illuminated by constructivist studies
of science, including the mundane or tacit skills involved in research, the social relationships in scientific laboratories,
the causes of scientific controversy, and the interconnection of science and culture. Social construction, the paper argues,
should be seen not as an alternative to but an enhancement of scientists’ own professional understanding of how science is
done. The richer, more finely textured accounts of scientific practice that the constructivist approach provides are potentially
of great relevance to public policy.
This paper is based on a Topical Lecture presented at AMSIE'96, the 162nd National Meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Baltimore, Maryland, 8–13 February 1996. The views expressed are those of the author and do not
reflect the opinions of the AAAS or its Board of Directors. For permission to cite or quote any part of this paper please
refer to the author for permission. 相似文献
12.
Anderson MS 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(4):443-461
Data from two national surveys of 4,000 faculty and doctoral students in chemistry, civil engineering, microbiology and sociology
indicate that both faculty and students subscribe strongly to traditional norms but are more likely to see alternative counternorms
enacted in their departments. They also show significant effects of departmental climate on normative orientations and suggest
that many researchers express some degree of ambivalence about traditional norms.
This paper was presented at the “Communicating Science Conference” held at Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, October 1998.
The paper is part of the Acadia Institute’s Project on Professional Values and Ethical Issues in the Graduate Education of
Scientists and Engineers, cosponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Committee on Scientific
Freedom and Responsibility, the Council of Graduate Schools and Sigma Xi. This work was supported by Grants No. 8913159 and
9222889 from the National Science Foundation. The following NSF components have provided funding to the NSF Ethics and Values
Studies Program for support of the project: the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences; the Directorate
for Biological Sciences; the Directorate for Engineering; the Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences; and the
Office of the Inspector General. Opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations are the author’s and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
13.
On July 12, 1999, our meta-analysis on child sexual abuse published in Psychological Bulletin, one of the American Psychological Association's (APA) premiere journals, was condemned by the U.S. Congress (H. Con. Res. 107). The condemnation followed months of attacks on the article, the APA, and us by various social conservatives and psychoanalytically-oriented
clinicians. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) was asked by the APA to independently review our
article. After considering criticisms of it and the article itself, AAAS declined, but commented that it was the criticisms,
not our methods or analyses, that troubled them because these criticisms misrepresented what we wrote. The current article
chronicles this whole affair. First, we provide background, explaining why an article such as ours was needed. Then we accurately
summarize the article, given that it has been so widely misrepresented. Next we present a chronology of the events leading
up to and following the condemnation. We then present and refute all the major criticisms of the article, which have included
both methodological and conceptual attacks. Next we discuss the threat to science that these events portend. We conclude by
discussing the need to separate moral judgments from scientific research, the conflation of which formed the basis for the
distortions and condemnation. 相似文献
14.
Steneck NH 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):161-176
In 1985, after nearly a decade of inconclusive professional response to public concern about misconduct in research, Congress
passed legislation requiring action. Subsequent to this legislation, federal agencies and research universities adopted policies
for responding to allegations of misconduct in research. Conferences, sessions at professional meetings, and special publications
were organized. New educational initiatives were begun, many in response to a 1989 National Institutes of Health/ Alcohol,
Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration requirement to include ethics instruction in training grants. Notwithstanding
a few key unresolved issues, such as the lack of a uniform federal definition of misconduct in research, the years since 1985
have witnessed a marked change in the professional response to misconduct in research.
This paper evaluates the change since 1985 from the perspective of three key goals: 1) confronting misconduct, 2) promoting
integrity and 3) ensuring integrity. While significant progress has been made in achieving the first two goals, the third
remains largely unaddressed. The latter is due to the fact that researchers have not been interested in studying the integrity
of their own profession. It is therefore suggested that studies are needed of routine or normal research practices and their
impact on integrity for use in making decisions about research conduct policy.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
15.
The major challenge facing today’s biomedical researchers is the increasing competition for available funds. The competitive
review process, through which the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards grants, is built upon review by a committee of
expert scientists. The NIH is firmly committed to ensuring that its peer review system is fair and objective.
Wendy Baldwin, Ph.D., is Deputy Director for Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health.
This paper is based on a presentation at a workshop, “Advances in Peer Review Research”, American Association for the Advancement
of Science Meeting, Baltimore, MD, February 9, 1996. 相似文献
16.
Samuel Gorovitz 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):235-250
Concern about the employment prospects of Ph.D.’s in the sciences and engineering has prompted overdue interest in the ethical
aspects of graduate education. It is not possible to isolate an ethical inquiry that focuses solely on job-related issues.
The ethical problems in graduate education are each related to employment, but none is related to employment only. We can
illuminate potential ethical problems by considering conflicts of interest at each point from the decision to offer a graduate
program through the treatment of its alumni. Such consideration prompts reassessment of program content, relations with students,
and the objectives of graduate programs.
This paper is a revised and expanded version of a presentation given at the American Association for the Advancement of Science
meeting in Seattle, WA, February, 1997, during a program organized by the National Science Foundation (“Ethics, Employment,
and Graduate Education in Science and Engineering,” Rachelle Hollander, Organizer).
Samuel Gorovitz is Professor of Philosophy and of Public Administration at Syracuse University. 相似文献
17.
Bert S. Moore 《Motivation and emotion》1990,14(2):75-80
The idea for this special issue ofMotivation and Emotion grew out of a symposium held at the meeting of the American Association for Advancement of Science, held in New Orleans in February 1990. 相似文献
18.
Dr. Caroline Whitbeck 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(3):299-308
In this paper I outline an “agent-centered” approach to learning ethics. The approach is “agent-centered” in that its central
aim is to prepare students toact wisely and responsibly when faced with moral problems. The methods characteristic of this approach are suitable for integrating
material on professional and research ethics into technical courses, as well as for free-standing ethics courses.
The analogy I draw between ethical problems and design problems clarifies the character of ethical problems as they are experienced
by those who must respond to them. It exposes the mistake, common in ethics teaching, of misrepresenting moral problems as
multiple-choice problems, especially in the form of ‘dilemmas’, that is, a forced choice between two unacceptable alternatives.
Furthermore, I clarify the importance for responsible practice of recognizing any ambiguity in the problem situation.
To foster in students the skills they need, teaching examples should preserve the open-ended, multiply-constrained, and ambiguous
character of problem situations as experienced by the agent. I give guidelines for constructing open-ended scenarios that
present moral problems much as an agent would experience them — guidelines which strongly influenced the construction of ‘cases’
in the latest edition of “On Being a Scientist” — and I discuss how to present historical cases and cases from the instructor’s
own experience to best foster agent-centered learning.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the AAAS Seminar “Teaching
Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献
19.
Joan E. Sieber 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(1):7-23
Whistleblowing, its antecedents, and its aftermath are complex and varied phenomena. Motivational factors in the perception
of alleged misconduct and in the response to such allegations by the accused and the institution are examined. Understanding
the psychological processes that underlie some of the surprising behavior surrounding whistleblowing will enable those who
perceive wrongdoing, as well as the professional societies and work organizations which voice their concern, to better respond
to apparent wrongdoing, while preserving the reputation and mental health of all parties to such cases.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: What the
Scientific Community Can Do About Whistleblowing” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Seattle, Washington, 15 February, 1997. 相似文献
20.
Cole-Turner R 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):33-46
The announcement of the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep evoked widespread response from the Christian Churches. These responses
are identified, organized thematically, and discussed critically. The churches have viewed reproductive human cloning either
with unqualified opposition or with grave suspicion. Some statements have discussed animal cloning, generally granting limited
approval, and nonreproductive human cloning, either in opposition or expressing an openness to entertain specific proposals
as the technology develops.
This paper is based on a presentation at the 164th Annual Meeting of The American Association for the Advancement of Science
(1998), Philadelphia, in the session entitled The Rights and Wrongs of Cloning Humans, February 13, 1998. 相似文献