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1.
Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as “supervisory” cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the “executive function” construct, there has been a historical linkage of these “higher-level” processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term “frontal functions” synonymously with “executive functions” despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms. 相似文献
2.
Gerhard Schurz 《Synthese》2011,178(2):307-330
While “scientism” is typically regarded as a position about the exclusive epistemic authority of science held by a certain
class of “cultured despisers” of “religion”, we show that only on the assumption of this sort of view do purportedly “scientific”
claims made by proponents of “intelligent design” appear to lend epistemic or apologetic support to claims affirmed about
God and God’s action in “creation” by Christians in confessing their “faith”. On the other hand, the hermeneutical strategy
that better describes the practice and method of Christian theologians, from the inception of theological reflection in the
Christian tradition, acknowledges the epistemic authority of the best available tests for truth in areas of human inquiry
such as science and history. But this strategy does not assume that such tests, whose authority must be regarded as provisional,
provides authority for the warrant of affirming claims constituting the confessed “faith”. By attributing theological import
to claims advanced by appeal to the best available tests for truth in the practice of science, supporters of ID not only confuse
the epistemic authority of these tests with the normative authority of a faith community’s confessional identity, but impute
to scientific tests for truth a sort of authority that even goes beyond the “methodological naturalism” against which they
counterpose their claims. 相似文献
3.
Marinkovic K Baldwin S Courtney MG Witzel T Dale AM Halgren E 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(1):113-130
Understanding a joke relies on semantic, mnemonic, inferential, and emotional contributions from multiple brain areas. Anatomically
constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) combining high-density whole-head MEG with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging
allowed us to estimate where the humor-specific brain activations occur and to understand their temporal sequence. Punch lines provided either funny,
not funny (semantically congruent), or nonsensical (incongruent) replies to joke questions. Healthy subjects rated them as
being funny or not funny. As expected, incongruous endings evoke the largest N400m in left-dominant temporo-prefrontal areas,
due to integration difficulty. In contrast, funny punch lines evoke the smallest N400m during this initial lexical–semantic
stage, consistent with their primed “surface congruity” with the setup question. In line with its sensitivity to ambiguity,
the anteromedial prefrontal cortex may contribute to the subsequent “second take” processing, which, for jokes, presumably
reflects detection of a clever “twist” contained in the funny punch lines. Joke-selective activity simultaneously emerges
in the right prefrontal cortex, which may lead an extended bilateral temporo-frontal network in establishing the distant unexpected
creative coherence between the punch line and the setup. This progression from an initially promising but misleading integration
from left frontotemporal associations, to medial prefrontal ambiguity evaluation and right prefrontal reprocessing, may reflect
the essential tension and resolution underlying humor. 相似文献
4.
Christopher?A.?Flessner Douglas?W.?Woods Martin?E.?Franklin Susan?E.?Cashin Nancy?J.?Keuthen Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(1):20-30
This article describes the development of the Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version (MIST-A),
which was designed to assess “automatic” and “focused” pulling subtypes of trichotillomania (TTM). Participants reporting
symptoms of TTM (n = 1,697) completed an internet survey; participants were later randomly assigned to either Exploratory (n = 848) or Confirmatory (n = 849) Analyses. Exploratory Analyses examined the development and psychometric properties of the MIST-A. Results of an exploratory
factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution. Factor 1 (“focused” pulling scale) and 2 (“automatic” pulling scale) consisted
of ten and five items respectively, with both scales demonstrating adequate internal consistency and good construct and discriminant
validity. Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated support for the scale’s underlying factor structure. The MIST-A
provides researchers with a reliable and valid assessment of “automatic” and “focused” pulling, although replication using
a clinically ascertained sample is necessary.
相似文献
Douglas W. WoodsEmail: |
5.
J. L. Lauter 《Behavior research methods》2000,32(1):180-190
A new test battery, the Auditory Cross-Section (AXS) Battery, offers a relatively inexpensive, noninvasive means of describing
a “neurological fingerprint” for each individual. The battery’s “access to axes” combines physiological and behavioral measures
so that a large set of dependent variables can be used to profile an individual and can serve as a context for additional
anatomical, behavioral, and physiological data for the same subject. Physiological tests included in the battery described
here include (1) otoacoustic emissions (OAEs); (2) the repeated evoked potentials version of the auditory brainstem response
(REPs/ABR); and (3) quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Complementary behavioral tests were chosen to assess capabilities
related to functional asymmetries, such as phonemic awareness and fine motor control, and/or to demonstrate temporal correlations
that link behavioral and neural function. Applications of the AXS battery include (1) documentation of individual differences
and similarities in neural organization that are related to specific behaviors, such as learning styles or clinical symptoms;
(2) provision of contextual data for neuroimaging studies that aid in interpreting individually specific patterns of activation;
and (3) development of a neurotypology of human brain/behavior relations, linking characteristics of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology
with features of behavior, and general body health. 相似文献
6.
Burgess PW 《Psychological research》2000,63(3-4):279-288
Strategy application disorder is a term used to describe a pattern of deficits, usually associated with frontal lobe dysfunction,
where people show disorganisation, absentmindedness and problems with planning and decision making in everyday life despite
normal performance on traditional neuropsychological tests. It is argued that the prototypical situation which presents problems
for these cases are those which require multitasking, and although good cases are rare in the literature, those that do exist
show a characteristic neuropsychological pattern. Moreover, this pattern is confirmed in recent group studies of multitasking
and of the relationship between multitasking tests (such as the Six Element Test), failures in everyday life and other neuropsychological
measures. At present the evidence suggests that the potential frontal brain regions most implicated in multitasking are the
anterior cingulate; B.A. 10 and immediately adjacent areas; and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with each making
a unique contribution to different aspects of performance. Furthermore, recent studies show striking dissociations between
performances on multitasking tests and two of the most commonly administered measures of executive function: the verbal fluency
test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which sets a minimum level for a fractionation of the executive syndrome in humans.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
7.
Isabel L. Silva José Pais-Ribeiro Helena Cardoso 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(2):127-136
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in general health status and quality of life between patients who
present “non-normative eating behaviours” (namely, binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome, sweet /fat food cravings
and continuous nibbling) and patients without these eating behaviour characteristics. A cohort of 168 women with obesity,
all candidates to bariatric surgery, aged between 15 and 65 (M = 39.04; SD = 10.86), with a body mass index ranging between
30.37 and 80.65 (M = 48.79; SD = 8.37), was studied. Participants answered to a clinical interview, to SF-36 and to ORWELL-97,
after their informed consent. Results suggest that women with obesity reporting binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome
and continuous nibbling show poorer general health status and worst quality of life than those who do not present these “non-normative
eating behaviours”. Moreover, the general health status and the quality of life of patients with sweet/fat food cravings do
not differ from those who do not report this eating behaviour. Nevertheless, patients reporting the eating behaviours studied
do not differ from the others regarding their body mass index. 相似文献
8.
Langford AT Resnicow K Roberts JS Zikmund-Fisher BJ 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(3):440-447
To examine the association of 1) race/ethnicity and 2) numeracy with awareness of DTC genetic tests. Secondary analysis of
6,754 Hispanic, black, and white adult respondents to the National Cancer Institute’s 2007 Health Information National Trends
Survey (HINTS). Logistic regression was used to examine sociodemographic predictors of DTC genetic tests awareness including
race/ethnicity, income, education, and gender. Next, two numeracy variables were added to the model. After controlling for
sociodemographic variables, black respondents were significantly less likely to have heard of DTC genetic tests compared to
white respondents (OR = 0.79; CI: 0.65–0.97). When numeracy variables were added to the model, the effect of black race was
no longer significant (OR = 0.84; CI: 0.69–1.04). Hispanic respondents did not significantly differ from white respondents
in awareness of DTC genetic tests. Other significant correlates of DTC genetic tests awareness in the full model included
education, income, age, and numeracy variables including degree to which people use medical statistics and numbers to make
health decisions, and preference for words or numbers when discussing “the chance of something happening.” Although black
respondents were generally less aware of DTC genetic tests than white respondents, this relationship appears to be partially
mediated by numeracy. 相似文献
9.
This study explored relationships between alexithymia (measured through the Toronto Alexithymia Scale), probable neurological
dysfunction (Stroop Color Word Test), and “Verbal” and “Abstraction” IQ scores (Hartford-Shipley Institute for Living Scale)
in relation to risk-taking behavior. Subjects were “anti-social” risk-takers (criminal offenders undergoing court-related
residential drug treatment), “adventurous” risktakers (college students who regularly engage in such sports as rock-climbing
and spelunking), or “normals” (college students who were neither adventurous risk-takers nor criminal offenders). Principal
findings reveal that clinically relevant alexithymia is observed among risk-takers of either anti-social or adventurous variety
less frequently, but among “normals” more frequently, than chance would predict; that the “verbal deficit pattern” in intellectual
functioning is observed more frequently among adventurous risk-takers, less frequently among “normals,” and no more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers than chance would predict; and that probable neurological dysfunction is observed more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers but less frequently among adventurous risk-takers or “normals” than chance would predict. Results
support only in part the Pallone-Hennessy (1999) conceptual model of the genesis and correlates of risk-taking in respect
of anti-social, but not in respect of adventurous risk-takers.
This study was supported by grants from the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program, Rutgers College, and the Fund for Correctional
Psychology, Center of Alcohol Studies. Deep gratitude is expressed to Eric Workowski, Charles Rouse, and Joni Lepore for their
invaluable assistance. 相似文献
10.
In this paper we present a new model for invariant object categorization and recognition. It is based on explicit multi-scale
features: lines, edges and keypoints are extracted from responses of simple, complex and end-stopped cells in cortical area
V1, and keypoints are used to construct saliency maps for Focus-of-Attention. The model is a functional but dichotomous one,
because keypoints are employed to model the “where” data stream, with dynamic routing of features from V1 to higher areas
to obtain translation, rotation and size invariance, whereas lines and edges are employed in the “what” stream for object
categorization and recognition. Furthermore, both the “where” and “what” pathways are dynamic in that information at coarse
scales is employed first, after which information at progressively finer scales is added in order to refine the processes,
i.e., both the dynamic feature routing and the categorization level. The construction of group and object templates, which
are thought to be available in the prefrontal cortex with “what” and “where” components in PF46d and PF46v, is also illustrated.
The model was tested in the framework of an integrated and biologically plausible architecture.
相似文献
J. M. Hans du BufEmail: |
11.
The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed
to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally
known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations
were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their
conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes,
except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used
to explain these findings.
Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to
thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate
the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for
making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, . 相似文献
12.
This study explored relationships between alexithymia (measured through the Toronto Alexithymia Scale), probable neurological
dysfunction (Stroop Color Word Test), and “Verbal” and “Abstraction” IQ scores (Hartford-Shipley Institute for Living Scale)
in relation to risk-taking behavior. Subjects were “anti-social” risk-takers (criminal offenders undergoing court-related
residential drug treatment), “adventurous” risktakers (college students who regularly engage in such sports as rock-climbing
and spelunking), or “normals” (college students who were neither adventurous risk-takers nor criminal offenders). Principal
findings reveal that clinically relevant alexithymia is observed among risk-takers of either anti-social or adventurous variety
less frequently, but among “normals” more frequently, than chance would predict; that the “verbal deficit pattern” in intellectual
functioning is observed more frequently among adventurous risk-takers, less frequently among “normals,” and no more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers than chance would predict; and that probable neurological dysfunction is observed more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers but less frequently among adventurous risk-takers or “normals” than chance would predict. Results
support only in part the Pallone-Hennessy (1999) conceptual model of the genesis and correlates of risk-taking in respect
of anti-social, but not in respect of adventurous risk-takers.
This study was supported by grants from the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program, Rutgers College, and the Fund for Correctional
Psychology, Center of Alcohol Studies. Deep gratitude is expressed to Eric Workowski, Charles Rouse, and Joni Lepore for their
invaluable assistance. 相似文献
13.
14.
Oron Shagrir 《Erkenntnis》2009,71(3):417-423
It is generally assumed that everything that can be said about dependence with the notion of strong global supervenience can
also be said with the notion of strong supervenience. It is argued here, however, that strong global supervenience has a metaphysically
distinctive role to play. It is shown that when the relevant sets include relations, strong global supervenience and strong supervenience are distinct. It is then concluded that there are claims about dependence
of relations that can be made with the global notion of strong supervenience but not with the “local” (individual) one. 相似文献
15.
Faith Martin Karen Rodham Laura Camfield Danny Ruta 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(3):219-232
The “Global Person Generated Index” (GPGI) is an individualised measure of global quality of life (QoL). Individualised measures
have been used within a health context, however until recently have been rarely used to explore global QoL. This paper establishes
the GPGI’s validity and reliability in Thailand. Data were collected from participants in two sites in Northeast Thailand.
Participants completed the Thai GPGI, the “Satisfaction with Life Scale”(SWLS), a modified “Positive and Negative Affect Scale”
(PANAS) and provided demographic data. 81 participants provided data at T1. 70 participants completed data for test-retest
(two week interval) reliability comparisons. Test-retest reliability correlation was 0.678 (p < 0.001) for participants reporting no change in QoL. GPGI correlated moderately with SWLS (0.381, p < 0.01) and PANAS scales (0.291 and −0.378, both p < 0.01), indicating validity. GPGI scores were related to health and correlated to a moderate degree with income (0.379,
p < 0.05). GPGI scores did not show the expected differences in scores based on gender, although this may be owing to cultural
issues. Areas nominated as important to QoL included family, money, house, health and employment, which mirrors items on other
QoL scales and previous work with individualised measures. The Thai GPGI is reliable for group comparisons and valid. The
difficulties of designing cross-cultural construct validity hypotheses are acknowledged. Areas nominated as important to QoL
were diverse and largely asset based. The GPGI is recommended for use to explore global QoL and potentially useful for needs
assessment and exploration of response shift. 相似文献
16.
Bernhard and Young (Journal of Academic Ethics, 7, 175-191, 2009) allege that a “myth of confidentiality” plagues research in North America because of the absence of statute-based legal
protections and the requirements of some REBs to limit confidentiality “to the extent permitted by law.” In this commentary
we describe statute-based protections for research confidentiality available in the United States, clarify the legal situation
regarding research confidentiality in Canada, and explain that REBs that “require” confidentiality to be limited by law are
imposing a doctrine that is not required by the TCPS and may violate researchers’ academic freedom. The paper laments how
excessive REB risk aversion and inaction by the granting agency Presidents has created a situation where some REBs are encouraging
researchers to download research risks to research participants and forcing researchers to choose between exposing themselves
to the prospect of going to jail to protect confidentiality, watering down their research objectives, or conducting “vanilla”
research rather than engaging in controversial and/or sensitive areas of study. The paper urges the granting agency Presidents
to seek legislative change to protect research participants who provide information that could cause them harm if their identity
were to be revealed. 相似文献
17.
In the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) involving race classification (white vs. black),
an apparent compatibility effect is found between the “pleasant” attribute and the “white” category. This race IAT effect
has been interpreted in terms of “implicit prejudice”—that is, more positive evaluation of whites than of blacks that is not
open to consciousness. We suggested instead that the race IAT effect is better interpreted in terms of the salience asymmetry
account proposed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004), whereby greater familiarity with the white category makes it more salient.
Evidence that has been presented against the familiarity interpretation is considered, and alternative interpretations of
findings related to the race IAT effect are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Chuanhua Peng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(2):193-216
Xunzi’s philosophy of language was mainly unfolded through the “discrimination of ming 名 (names) and shi 实 (realities)” and the “discrimination of yan 言 (words) and yi 意 (meanings).” Particularly, the “discrimination of names and realities” was centered on the propositions that “realities
are realized when their names are heard” and that “names are given to point up realities,” including the view on the essence
of language such as “names expect to indicate realities” and “conventions established by usage,” the view of development of
language such as “coming form the former usage and being newly established,” and the view of functions of language such as
“discriminating superiority and inferiority and differentiating identities and differences”; while the “discrimination of
words and meanings” mainly contained two aspects: One was that words could completely represent meanings while it could not
do so on the other hand, and the other was that the Dao should be grasped through “an unoccupied, concentrated and quiet mind.”
Xunzi’s philosophy of language stressed both language’s value attribute and its cognitive attribute, and it is the greatest
achievement of pre-Qin dynasty’s philosophy of language. 相似文献
19.
Visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation: A neuro-cognitive theory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Werner X. Schneider 《Psychological research》1999,62(2-3):220-236
This paper addresses the issue of how visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation are related. The
first section introduces a modified two-stage conception of visual-spatial processing. “Stage one” refers to low-level visual-spatial
processing and computes in parallel for the currently available retinal information “object candidates,” here called “visual-spatial
units.” An attentional process called “unit selection” allows access to stage two for one of these units at a time. Stage
two contains high-level visual-spatial information that can be used for goal-directions (e.g., verbal report, grasping). It
consists of three parallel processing streams. First, the currently selected unit is recognized; second, a spatial-motor program
for the selected unit is computed; and third, an “object file” is set up for the selected unit. An object file contains temporary
episodic representations of detailed high-level visual-spatial attributes of an “object” plus an “index.” An index acts as
a pointer and is bound via temporary connections to the attributes of the file.
Section two of this paper specifies one part of stage two in more detail, namely visual-spatial working memory (VSWM). It
can contain up to four object files. A first central claim is that during sensory-based processing for working memory (“access”),
one object file is always “on-line,” and up to three other object files are “off-line”. A second central claim is that the
process of setting up an object file depends on the number and the activation level of already stored files. Based on the
concept of activation-based competition between object files, it is postulated that the more files that are stored and the
higher their activation is, the longer it takes for a newly set up object file to reach a sufficient level of activation.
Activation-based competition is also used to explain “short-term forgetting” by “interference.” A third central claim about
VSWM is that a “refreshment' process exists that increases the activation level of an index of an object file in order to
prevent forgetting or in order to bring the file back to the state of controlling the current action. Finally, section three
gives a selective look at a number of experimental data such as the attentional blink, backward masking, dwell time effects,
transsaccadic memory, and change blindness. New explanations are offered and new predictions made.
Received: 16 January 1998 / Accepted: 25 July 1998 相似文献
20.
Cynthia L. Huang-Pollock Amori Yee Mikami Linda Pfiffner Keith McBurnett 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):679-691
This study examined the ability of executive functions (EF) to account for the relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) status and social adjustment as indexed by parent and teacher report and by performance on a standardized
observational “chat room” task. Children with the Combined subtype (ADHD-C; n = 23), the Primarily Inattentive Subtype (ADHD-I; n = 33), and non-ADHD controls (n = 36) participated. EF did not mediate the relationship between ADHD status and parent or teacher report of social adjustment.
EF accounted for about 40–50% of the variance between ADHD status and the ability of children to detect subtle verbal cues
as well as memory for the conversation in the chat room task, but did not mediate the relationship between ADHD and the number
of prosocial, hostile, or on-topic statements that were made. Results are consistent with other recent reports, and suggest
that the role of EF deficits in the production of social skill deficits in ADHD may not be as prominent as is typically assumed.
The implications for the development of intervention programs designed to target core cognitive etiologic factors are discussed. 相似文献